A report on Kingdom of Italy, Unification of Italy, Veneto and Italy

Flag of the Cispadane Republic, which was the first Italian tricolour adopted by a sovereign Italian state (1797)

Map of the Kingdom of Italy at its greatest extent in 1943

Giuseppe Mazzini, highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement

Venice, the primary tourist destination and the capital of Veneto

Expansion of the territory called "Italy" from ancient Greece until Diocletian

Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871

The Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries a symbol of the Kings of Italy

Italian unification between 1815 and 1870

The first meeting between Garibaldi and Mazzini at the headquarters of Young Italy in 1833.

Marco Polo, explorer of the 13th century, recorded his 24 years-long travels in the Book of the Marvels of the World, introducing Europeans to Central Asia and China.

Count Camillo Benso of Cavour, the first Prime Minister of the unified Italy

The Arrest of Silvio Pellico and Piero Maroncelli, Saluzzo, civic museum

The Italian states before the beginning of the Italian Wars in 1494

Victor Emmanuel II, the first King of the united Italy

Ciro Menotti and his compatriots clashed with the army

Leonardo da Vinci, the quintessential Renaissance man, in a self-portrait (ca. 1512, Royal Library, Turin)

Giuseppe Garibaldi, a major military leader during Italian unification

Christopher Columbus leads an expedition to the New World, 1492. His voyages are celebrated as the discovery of the Americas from a European perspective, and they opened a new era in the history of humankind and sustained contact between the two worlds.

A factory machinery exposition in Turin, set in 1898, during the period of early industrialization, National Exhibition of Turin, 1898

Holographic copy of 1847 of Il Canto degli Italiani, the Italian national anthem since 1946

Daniele Manin and Niccolò Tommaseo after the proclamation of the Republic of San Marco

The Tetrarchs were the four co-rulers who governed the Roman Empire as long as Diocletian's reform lasted. Here they are portrayed embracing, in a posture of harmony, in a porphyry sculpture dating from the 4th century, produced in Anatolia, located today on a corner of St Mark's Basilica in Venice.

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milano was an architectural work created by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877 and named after the first King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II.

Garibaldi and Cavour making Italy in a satirical cartoon of 1861

The Horses of Saint Mark, brought as loot from Constantinople in 1204.

The Triple Alliance in 1913, shown in red

Giuseppe Garibaldi, celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds", who commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led to unification of Italy

An 18th-century view of Venice by Canaletto.

The Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, a national symbol of Italy celebrating the first king of the unified country, and resting place of the Italian Unknown Soldier since the end of World War I. It was inaugurated in 1911, on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the Unification of Italy.

The 13th-century Castel Brando in Cison di Valmarino, Treviso.

The fascist dictator Benito Mussolini titled himself Duce and ruled the country from 1922 to 1943.

Francesco Crispi promoted the Italian colonialism in Africa in the late 19th century.

People cheering as Garibaldi enters Naples

Areas controlled by the Italian Empire at its peak

The Ain Zara oasis during the Italo-Turkish War: propaganda postcard made by the Italian Army

Victor Emmanuel meets Garibaldi near Teano

St Mark's Basilica, the seat of the Patriarch of Venice.

Italian partisans in Milan during the Italian Civil War, April 1945

Italian mounted infantry in China during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900

Alcide De Gasperi, first republican Prime Minister of Italy and one of the Founding Fathers of the European Union

Italian dirigibles bomb Turkish positions in Libya, as the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 was the first in history in which air attacks (carried out here by dirigible airships) determined the outcome.

The Injured Garibaldi in the Aspromonte Mountains (oil on canvas), credited to Gerolamo Induno

The signing ceremony of the Treaty of Rome on 25 March 1957, creating the European Economic Community, forerunner of the present-day European Union

Giovanni Giolitti was Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921.

Funerals of the victims of the Bologna bombing of 2 August 1980, the deadliest attack ever perpetrated in Italy during the Years of Lead

Italy and its colonial possessions at the time of the outbreak of World War I: the area between British Egypt and the firmly held Italian territories is the region of southern Cyrenaica which was under dispute of ownership between Italy and the United Kingdom.

The Prato della Valle in Padua, a work of Italian Renaissance architecture.

Italian government task force to face the COVID-19 emergency

Gabriele D'Annunzio, national poet (vate) of Italy and a prominent nationalist revolutionary who was a supporter of Italy joining action in World War I

Generalissimo Luigi Cadorna (the man to the left of two officers to whom he is speaking) while visiting British batteries during World War I

Antonio Canova's Psyche Revived by Love's Kiss.

Dolphins in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Aeolian Islands

Italian propaganda poster depicting the Battle of the Piave River

The Quirinal Palace in Rome became the head of state of Italy's official residence (royal residence of the Kings of Italy and after the Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic)

The Church of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice

Members of the Arditi corps in 1918. More than 650,000 Italian soldiers lost their lives on the battlefields of World War I.

Gran Paradiso, established in 1922, is the oldest Italian national park.

Armando Diaz, Chief of Staff of the Italian Army since November 1917, halted the Austro-Hungarian advance along the Piave River and launched counter-offensives which led to a decisive victory on the Italian Front. He is celebrated as one of the greatest generals of World War I.

The Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, inaugurated in 1911 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the unification of Italy.

The Italian wolf, the national animal of Italy

Italian propaganda dropped over Vienna by Gabriele D'Annunzio in 1918

Mourning Italia turrita on the tomb to Vittorio Alfieri by Antonio Canova

Köppen-Geiger climate classification map of Italy

Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (2nd from left) at the World War I peace negotiations in Versailles with David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson (from left)

Portrait of Alessandro Manzoni (1841) by Francesco Hayez

The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of Italy.

Residents of Fiume cheering D'Annunzio and his Legionari in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants

Portrait of Francesco De Sanctis (1890) by Francesco Saverio Altamura

Benito Mussolini (second from left) and his Fascist Blackshirts in 1920

Verdi's bust outside the Teatro Massimo in Palermo

An Alfa Romeo 159 vehicle of the Carabinieri corps

Mussolini was initially a highly popular leader in Italy until Italy's military failures in World War II.

Patriots scrawling "Viva VERDI" on walls

Group photo of the G7 leaders at the 43rd G7 summit in Taormina

Haile Selassie's resistance to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia made him Man of the Year in 1935 by Time.

The final scene of the opera Risorgimento! (2011) by Lorenzo Ferrero

Heraldic coat of arms of the Italian Armed Forces

The Italian Empire (red) before World War II. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943 (the Tientsin concession in China is not shown).

A proportional representation of Italy exports, 2019

Milan is the economic capital of Italy, and is a global financial centre and a fashion capital of the world.

Erwin Rommel meeting Italian General Italo Gariboldi in Tripoli, February 1941

The Italian Army in Russia fought on the Eastern Front.

Italy in 1860: orange Kingdom of Sardinia, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), pink United Provinces of Central Italy, red Papal States, pale green Kingdom of Two Sicilies.

The Autostrada dei Laghi ("Lakes Motorway"), the first motorway built in the world

Italy in 1861: orange Kingdom of Italy, blue Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire), red Papal States.

FS' Frecciarossa 1000 high speed train, with a maximum speed of 400 km/h

Territory of the Italian Social Republic and the South Kingdom

Kingdom of Italy in 1870, showing the Papal States, before the Capture of Rome.

Trieste, the main port of the northern Adriatic and starting point of the Transalpine Pipeline

Three men executed by public hanging in a street of Rimini, 1944

ENI is considered one of the world's oil and gas "Supermajors".

Rebels celebrating the liberation of Naples, after the Four days of Naples (27–30 September 1943)

Solar panels in Piombino. Italy is one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy.

Members of the Italian resistance in Ossola, 1944

A trait that shows the structure of the Calà del Sasso

Galileo Galilei, the father of modern science, physics and astronomy

Enrico Fermi, creator of the world's first first nuclear reactor

The Amalfi Coast is one of Italy's major tourist destinations.

Map of Italy's population density at the 2011 census

Italy is home to a large population of migrants from Eastern Europe and North Africa.

Linguistic map showing the languages spoken in Italy

Vatican City, the Holy See's sovereign territory

Bologna University, established in AD 1088, is the world's oldest academic institution.

Olive oil and vegetables are central to the Mediterranean diet.

The Last Supper (1494–1499), Leonardo da Vinci, Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

Michelangelo's David (1501–1504), Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence

The Birth of Venus (1484–1486), Sandro Botticelli, Uffizi Gallery, Florence

Dante shown holding a copy of the Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the mount of Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in Michelino's fresco, 1465

Niccolò Machiavelli, founder of modern political science and ethics

Pinocchio is one of the world's most translated books and a canonical piece of children's literature.

Clockwise from top left: Thomas Aquinas, proponent of natural theology and the Father of Thomism; Giordano Bruno, one of the major scientific figures of the Western world; Cesare Beccaria, considered the Father of criminal justice and modern criminal law; and Maria Montessori, credited with the creation of the Montessori education

Statues of Pantalone and Harlequin, two stock characters from the Commedia dell'arte, in the Museo Teatrale alla Scala

Dario Fo, one of the most widely performed playwrights in modern theatre, received international acclaim for his highly improvisational style.

Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly and Turandot, are among the most frequently worldwide performed in the standard repertoire

Luciano Pavarotti, considered one of the finest tenors of the 20th century and the "King of the High Cs"

Giorgio Moroder, pioneer of Italo disco and electronic dance music, is known as the "Father of disco".

The Azzurri in 2012. Football is the most popular sport in Italy.

Starting in 1909, the Giro d'Italia is the Grands Tours' second oldest.

A Ferrari SF21 by Scuderia Ferrari, the most successful Formula One team

Prada shop at Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan

The traditional recipe for spaghetti with tomato and basil sauce

The Frecce Tricolori, with the smoke trails representing the national colours of Italy, during the celebrations of the Festa della Repubblica

The Venice Film Festival is the oldest film festival in the world.

The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946, when civil discontent led an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic.

- Kingdom of Italy

The unification of Italy (Unità d'Italia ), also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single state in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy.

- Unification of Italy

The state was founded as a result of the Risorgimento under the influence of the Savoy-led Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state.

- Kingdom of Italy

Its population is about five million, ranking fourth in Italy.

- Veneto

Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory.

- Kingdom of Italy

Italy was unified by the Roman Republic in the latter part of the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status but was not converted into a province.

- Unification of Italy

After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna, the Republic was combined with Lombardy and annexed to the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, until that was merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866, as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence.

- Veneto

After centuries of foreign domination and political division, Italy was almost entirely unified in 1861 following a war of independence, establishing the Kingdom of Italy.

- Italy

In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II allied with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War, waging the Third Italian War of Independence which allowed Italy to annexe Venetia.

- Italy

The fall of Gaeta brought the unification movement to the brink of fruition—only Rome and Venetia remained to be added.

- Unification of Italy

5 related topics with Alpha

Adriatic Sea

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Body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Illyrian Peninsula.

Bay of Kotor, a ria in the Southern Adriatic

Gjipe Canyon in southern Albania, where the Adriatic Sea meets the Ionian Sea

Schematic layout of Adriatic Sea currents

A submarine spring near Omiš, observed through sea surface rippling

As seen from the map, most of the landmass surrounding the Adriatic sea is classified as Cfa, with the southern region (near the Ionian sea) being Csa.

Sediment billowing out from Italy's shore into the Adriatic

Pebble beach at Brač island, in the Adriatic Sea within Croatia

Pula Arena, one of the six largest surviving Roman amphitheatres

Mosaic of Emperor Justinian and his court, from the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy

The Republic of Venice was a leading maritime power in Europe

The last moments of SMS Szent István, hit and sank by the Italian MAS

The Duce Benito Mussolini in a beach of Riccione, in 1932

The town of Izola in the Gulf of Koper, southwestern Slovenia

A Trabucco, old fishing machine typical of Abruzzo region in Italy

Port of Trieste, the largest port in the Adriatic

Rimini is a major seaside tourist resort in Italy

The Barcolana regatta in Trieste, Italy, was named "the greatest sailing race" by the Guinness World Record for its 2,689 boats and over 16,000 sailors on the starting line.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sail-world.com/news/218597/Barcolana-the-largest-regatta-in-the-world |title=Barcolana, the largest regatta in the world is presented in London |website=Sail World}}</ref>

The Zlatni Rat (Golden Cape) on the island of Brač

The Palace of the Emperor Diocletian in Split

The coast of Neum, the only town to be situated along Bosnia and Herzegovina's {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} of coastline

Portorož is the largest seaside tourist centre in Slovenia

Port of Durrës, the largest port in Albania

Port of Rijeka, the largest cargo port in Croatia

Port of Koper, the largest port in Slovenia

Port of Trieste, the largest cargo port in the Adriatic

Port of Bar, the largest seaport in Montenegro

The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, and Slovenia.

Following Italian unification, the Kingdom of Italy started an eastward expansion that lasted until the 20th century.

The Adriatic Sea is a semi-enclosed sea, bordered in the southwest by the Apennine or Italian Peninsula, in the northwest by the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and in the northeast by Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Albania—the Balkan peninsula.

Dalmatia

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One of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria.

The extent of the Kingdom of Dalmatia (blue) which existed within Austria-Hungary until 1918, on a map of modern-day Croatia and Montenegro

The ancient core of the city of Split, the largest city in Dalmatia, built in and around the Palace of Emperor Diocletian

Rocky beach at Brač island (Croatia), in the Adriatic Sea, during the summer

The historic core of the city of Dubrovnik, in southern Dalmatia

Province of Dalmatia during the Roman Empire

Kingdom of Croatia during the rule of Peter Krešimir IV

An engraving of the seaward walls of the city of Split by Robert Adam, 1764. The walls were originally built for the Roman Diocletian's Palace.

Map of the Republic of Ragusa, dated 1678

Ottoman Bosnia at its peak territorial extent just before the Morean War in 1684

Dalmatian possessions of the Republic of Venice in 1797

Map of Dalmatia, Croatia, and Sclavonia (Slavonia). Engraved by Weller for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge under the Supervision of Charles Knight, dated January 1, 1852. Dalmatia is the area detailed in the smaller map annexed map on the right.

Austrian linguistic map from 1896. In green the areas where Slavs were the majority of the population, in orange the areas where Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians were the majority of the population. The boundaries of Venetian Dalmatia in 1797 are delimited with blue dots.

The Seagull Wings monument in Podgora, dedicated to the fallen sailors of the Yugoslav Partisan Navy

After the Austro-Hungarian defeat in the World War I, Dalmatia was split between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes which controlled most of it, and the Kingdom of Italy which held several smaller parts, and after World War II, the People's Republic of Croatia as a part of Yugoslavia took complete control over the area.

The former two groups (inhabitants of the islands and the cities) historically included many Venetian and Italian speakers, many of whom identified as Dalmatian Italians (especially after the Italian unification).

The Italian speakers (Italians and italophone Croats) constituted (according to the Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli) nearly one third of Dalmatians in the second half of the 18th century.

However, after 1866, when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom Italy, Dalmatia remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic.

Istria

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Largest peninsula within the Adriatic Sea.

The Sečovlje Saltworks in northern Istria were probably started in antiquity and were first mentioned in 804 in the report on Placitum of Riziano.

Map of Istria and Dalmatia with the ancient domains of the Republic of Venice (indicated in fuchsia. Dashed diagonally, the territories that belonged occasionally)

Percentage of native Italian speakers (Istrian Italians) in Croatia's Istria County in 2001

Percentage of people who used Italian as a "language of daily use" in Istria (Istrian Italians) in 1910

Rovinj, as seen from the bell tower of the church of Saint Eufemia (Croatia)

The Praetorian Palace in Koper (Slovenia)

Traditional folk costume of Istrian Croats

Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.
The Austrian Littoral, later renamed Julian March, which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the Treaty of Rapallo (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the Treaty of Rome) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the Treaty of Paris
Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947
Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo
Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treaty

It is shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy.

Many Istrian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy.

However, after the Third Italian War of Independence (1866), when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom Italy, Istria remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic.

Northern Italy

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Ancient peoples of Northern Italy, with Celtic peoples shown in blue.

Migration of the Lombards towards Northern Italy

Member cities of the first and second Lombard League.

Anti-Fascist Partisans in the streets of Bologna after the general insurrection of April 1945

The Alps in Val Maira, Province of Cuneo

Farming landscape in the Po Plain at Sant'Agata Bolognese

Alpine lakes like Lake Garda are characterised by warmer microclimates than the surrounding areas

Fog on the Secchia River near Modena. Fog is a common occurrence in the Po Plain

Languages and regional varieties in Italy

Northern Italy (Italia settentrionale, Nord Italia, Alta Italia or just Nord) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy.

Non-administrative, it consists of eight administrative Regions in northern Italy: Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige.

The Austrian imperial government was unpopular because of their anti-liberal politics and Northern Italy became the intellectual centre leading the Italian unification process.

After defeating the Austrians in 1859 and annexing Northern Italy the new state proceeded to launch a campaign to conquer Southern and Central Italy and Turin briefly became the capital of the almost whole of Italy.

Kingdom of Sardinia

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State in Southern Europe from the early 14th until the mid-19th century.

The flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia at the funeral ceremony of Charles V

The Kingdom of Sardinia in a 16th-century map

The Savoyards' Italian possessions in the early 18th century.

19th-century coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sardinia under the Savoy dynasty

A map of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1856, after the fusion of all its provinces into a single jurisdiction

King Victor Emmanuel II meets Garibaldi in Teano (26 October 1860)

Imperial Eagle of Roman Holy Emperor Charles V with the four Moors of the Kingdom of Sardinia (16th century)

Royal Standard of the Savoyard kings of Sardinia of Savoy dynasty (1720-1848) and State Flag of the Savoyard States (late 16th - late 18th century)

State Flag and War Ensign (1816–1848): Civil Flag "crowned"

War Ensign of the Royal Sardinian Navy (1785–1802)

Merchant Flag and War Ensign (1814–1816)

War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816–1848) aspect ratio 31:76

Civil and merchant flag (1851–1861), the Italian tricolore with the coat of arms of Savoy as an inescutcheon

(1848–1861) and Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)

Crown Prince (1848–1861) and Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1880)

The political situation in Sardinia after 1324 when the Aragonese conquered the Pisan territories of Sardinia, which included the defunct Judicate of Cagliari and Gallura.

The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1368 to 1388 and 1392 to 1409, after the wars with Arborea, consisted of only the cities of Cagliari and Alghero.

The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1410 to 1420, after the defeat of the Arborean Judicate in the Battle of Sanluri (1409).

The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1448 to 1720; the Maddalena archipelago was conquered in 1767–69.

1859: {{legend|#ff8040|Kingdom of Sardinia}} {{legend|#0000ff|Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia}} {{legend|#00ff00|Duchies Parma–Modena-Tuscany}} {{legend|#fd0000|Papal States}} {{legend|#ffff00|Kingdom of the Two Sicilies}}

1860: {{legend|#ff8040|Kingdom of Sardinia}} {{legend|#0000ff|Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia}} {{legend|#fd0000|Papal States}} {{legend|#ffff00|Kingdom of the Two Sicilies}} After the annexation of Lombardy, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Emilian Duchies and Pope's Romagna.

1861: {{legend|#ff8040|Kingdom of Sardinia}} {{legend|#0000ff|Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia}} {{legend|#d8241c|Papal States}} After the Expedition of the Thousand.

maximum expansion of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1860

There followed the annexation of Lombardy (1859), the central Italian states and the Two Sicilies (1860), Venetia (1866), and the Papal States (1870).

The Savoy-led Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was thus the legal predecessor of the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn is the predecessor of the present-day Italian Republic.

At the time Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marks and counties.

In 1852, a liberal ministry under Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was installed and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving Italian unification.