A report on Mahavira, Parshvanatha, Kevala jnana and Jainism

Statue of Mahavira meditating in the lotus position at Shri Mahavirji, Rajasthan, India.

Image of Tirthankara Parshvanatha (Victoria and Albert Museum, 6th–7th century)

The hand symbolizes Ahiṃsā, the wheel dharmachakra, the resolve to halt saṃsāra (transmigration).

Mahavira in Padmasana meditation posture

Parshvanatha was born in Varanasi, a historic city on the Ganges.

Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (transmigrating souls) in Jainism

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India at the time of Mahavira

Parshvanatha and his yaksha, Dharanendra, in the 8th-century Tamil Nadu Kalugumalai Jain Beds

Lord Neminatha, Akota Bronzes (7th century)

8th-century stone relief of Parshvanatha at Thirakoil

Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras, Jaipur, c. 1850

The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c.1375–1400 CE)

Parshvanatha with Padmavati and Dharnendra in a 16th-century manuscript

Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with Blind men and an elephant

Lord Mahavira's Jal Mandir (water temple) in Pawapuri, Bihar, India

Parshvanatha iconography is identified by a sesha hood above his head and a cobra stamped (or carved) beneath his feet. At the center of his chest is a shrivatsa, which identifies Jain statues.

A Jain monk in meditation, wearing the characteristic white robe and face covering

The "Charan Paduka" or foot impression of Mahavira at Jal Mandir

Nishidhi stone, depicting the vow of sallekhana, 14th century, Karnataka

Folio from the Kalpa Sūtra, 15th century

Parsvanatha ayagapata - Jina Parsvanatha, Mathura art, {{circa|15 CE}}.{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=201}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=406}}

Praying at the feet of a statue of Bahubali

alt=Stone relief|Uttar Pradesh, 2nd century (Museum of Oriental Art)

Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.

Parshvanath relief of Kahaum pillar, 5th century

Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana), Jain Center of America, New York City

Mahavira iconography is distinguished by a lion stamped (or carved) beneath his feet; a Shrivatsa is on his chest.

alt=Lotus position|5th century (Satna, Madhya Pradesh)

alt=Lotus position|6th century, Uttar Pradesh

alt=See caption|Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Samanar Hills, Madurai, Tamil Nadu

alt=Lotus position|7th-century Akota Bronze (Honolulu Museum of Art)

Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century

6th-7th century bronze statue in Asian Civilisations Museum

A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira’s nirvana.

alt=See caption|Tallest known image of the seated Mahavira, Patnaganj

Rishabhdev, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.

alt=See caption|Four-sided sculpture of Mahavira in Kankali Tila, Mathura

alt=Lotus position|10th-century copper, inlaid with silver and gemstones (LACMA)

The ruins of Gori Jain temples in Nagarparkar, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947.

alt=Two nude statues|Tirthankaras Rishabhanatha (left) and Mahavira, 11th century (British Museum)

alt=Lotus position|11th century, Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum

alt=Mahavira, seated|Temple relief of Mahavira, 14th century (Seattle Asian Art Museum)

alt=Lotus position|Karnataka, 12th century (Art Institute of Chicago)

alt=See caption|Relief of Mahavira in Thirakoil, Tamil Nadu

16-foot, 2-inch stone statue of Mahavira in Ahinsa Sthal, Mehrauli, New Delhi{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=266}}|alt=Large outdoor statue of Mahavira, with a seated worshipper for scale

{{convert|61|ft}} colossal at Navagraha Jain Temple

alt=See caption|Mahavira statue in Cave 32 of the Ellora Caves

alt=Outdoor standing statue|Vahelna statue

Mahavira inside Ambapuram cave temple, 7th century

alt=Standing statue in niche|Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola

alt=Dharmachakra temple|Dharmachakra temple in Gajpanth

alt=Standing statue|Parshvanatha temple in Halebidu

Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodbidri, Karnataka

Pattadakal Jain Temple, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Parshavanth temple, Jaisalmer Fort, UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of Hill Forts of Rajasthan

Mahavir Swami at Manilaxmi Tirth, Gujarat

Parshvanatha basadi at Halebidu: tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site

alt=Godiji Parshwanath (Gori) Temple at Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage|Godiji (Gori) Temple in Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage

Mahavira (Sanskrit: महावीर) also known as Vardhamana, was the 24th Tirthankara (supreme preacher) of Jainism.

- Mahavira

Parshvanatha, also known as Parshva and Parasnath, was the 23rd of 24 Tirthankaras (ford-makers or propagators of dharma) of Jainism.

- Parshvanatha

Kevala gyana (केवल ज्ञान) or Keval gyan means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as complete understanding or supreme wisdom.

- Kevala jnana

He was the spiritual successor of the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha.

- Mahavira

Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four Tirthankaras (supreme preachers of Dharma), with the first in the current time cycle being Rishabhadeva, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago; the twenty-third tirthankara Parshvanatha, whom historians date to 9th century BCE; and the twenty-fourth tirthankara, Mahavira around 600 BCE.

- Jainism

The Jain sources place him between the 9th and 8th centuries BC whereas historians consider that he lived in the 8th or 7th century BC. Parshvanatha was born 273 years before Mahavira.

- Parshvanatha

Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe austerities for twelve and a half years, after which he attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience).

- Mahavira

According to both traditions, the last kevalin was a disciple of one of the eleven chief disciples of the last tirthankara, Mahāvīra; his name is recorded as Jambuswami.

- Kevala jnana

In the second Upanga Agama, the Rājapraśnīya, there is a dialogue between Kesi, a disciple of Pārśva, and Payasi, a materialist king.

- Kevala jnana

Some Jain texts add analogy (upamana) as the fourth reliable means, in a manner similar to epistemological theories found in other Indian religions.In Jainism, jnāna (knowledge) is said to be of five kinds – mati jñāna (sensory knowledge), śrutu jñāna (scriptural knowledge), avadhi jñāna (clairvoyance), manah prayāya Jñāna (telepathy) and kevala jnana (omniscience).

- Jainism

Parshvanatha meditated for 84 days before he attained omniscience under a dhaataki tree near Benares.

- Parshvanatha

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Tirthankara

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Tirthankara images at Siddhachal Caves inside Gwalior Fort.

Auspicious dreams seen by a tirthankara's mother during pregnancy

Samavasarana of Tirthankara Rishabha (Ajmer Jain temple)

Tirthankars of present, previous and next cosmic ages (72 in total)

Jain chaumukha sculpture at LACMA, 6th century

In Jainism, a Tirthankara (Sanskrit: ; English: literally a 'ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma (righteous path).

After understanding the true nature of the self or soul, the Tīrthaṅkara attains Kevala Jnana (omniscience).

The 24th and last tirthankara of the present half-cycle was Mahavira Swami Ji (599 BC–527 BC).

History records the existence of Mahavira and his predecessor, Parshvanath, the twenty-third tirthankara.