A report on Tirthankara, Jainism and Kevala jnana

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The hand symbolizes Ahiṃsā, the wheel dharmachakra, the resolve to halt saṃsāra (transmigration).
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Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (transmigrating souls) in Jainism
Tirthankara images at Siddhachal Caves inside Gwalior Fort.
Lord Neminatha, Akota Bronzes (7th century)
Auspicious dreams seen by a tirthankara's mother during pregnancy
Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras, Jaipur, c. 1850
Samavasarana of Tirthankara Rishabha (Ajmer Jain temple)
Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with Blind men and an elephant
Tirthankars of present, previous and next cosmic ages (72 in total)
A Jain monk in meditation, wearing the characteristic white robe and face covering
Jain chaumukha sculpture at LACMA, 6th century
Nishidhi stone, depicting the vow of sallekhana, 14th century, Karnataka
Image of Mahavira at Shri Mahavirji
Praying at the feet of a statue of Bahubali
Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.
Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana), Jain Center of America, New York City
The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c.1375–1400 CE)
Shikharji
Idol of Suparśvanātha
A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira’s nirvana.
Rishabhdev, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.
The ruins of Gori Jain temples in Nagarparkar, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947.
Ranakpur Jain Temple
Dilwara Temples
Parshvanath Temple in Khajuraho
Girnar Jain temples
Jal Mandir, Pawapuri
Lodhurva Jain temple
Palitana temples
Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodbidri, Karnataka
Jain temple, Antwerp, Belgium
Brahma Jinalaya, Lakkundi
Hutheesing Jain Temple

In Jainism, a Tirthankara (Sanskrit: ; English: literally a 'ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma (righteous path).

- Tirthankara

Kevala gyana (केवल ज्ञान) or Keval gyan means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as complete understanding or supreme wisdom.

- Kevala jnana

Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four Tirthankaras (supreme preachers of Dharma), with the first in the current time cycle being Rishabhadeva, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago; the twenty-third tirthankara Parshvanatha, whom historians date to 9th century BCE; and the twenty-fourth tirthankara, Mahavira around 600 BCE.

- Jainism

After understanding the true nature of the self or soul, the Tīrthaṅkara attains Kevala Jnana (omniscience).

- Tirthankara

According to both traditions, the last kevalin was a disciple of one of the eleven chief disciples of the last tirthankara, Mahāvīra; his name is recorded as Jambuswami.

- Kevala jnana

Some Jain texts add analogy (upamana) as the fourth reliable means, in a manner similar to epistemological theories found in other Indian religions.In Jainism, jnāna (knowledge) is said to be of five kinds – mati jñāna (sensory knowledge), śrutu jñāna (scriptural knowledge), avadhi jñāna (clairvoyance), manah prayāya Jñāna (telepathy) and kevala jnana (omniscience).

- Jainism
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Statue of Mahavira meditating in the lotus position at Shri Mahavirji, Rajasthan, India.

Mahavira

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Statue of Mahavira meditating in the lotus position at Shri Mahavirji, Rajasthan, India.
Mahavira in Padmasana meditation posture
Ancient kingdoms and cities of India at the time of Mahavira
Mahavira in Padmasana meditation posture
The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c.1375–1400 CE)
Lord Mahavira's Jal Mandir (water temple) in Pawapuri, Bihar, India
The "Charan Paduka" or foot impression of Mahavira at Jal Mandir
Folio from the Kalpa Sūtra, 15th century
The swastika and five vows
Mahavira worship in a manuscript c.1825
Mahavira iconography is distinguished by a lion stamped (or carved) beneath his feet; a Shrivatsa is on his chest.
Mahavira temple, Tirumalai
alt=See caption|Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Samanar Hills, Madurai, Tamil Nadu
Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century
alt=See caption|Tallest known image of the seated Mahavira, Patnaganj
alt=See caption|Four-sided sculpture of Mahavira in Kankali Tila, Mathura
alt=Two nude statues|Tirthankaras Rishabhanatha (left) and Mahavira, 11th century (British Museum)
alt=Mahavira, seated|Temple relief of Mahavira, 14th century (Seattle Asian Art Museum)
alt=See caption|Relief of Mahavira in Thirakoil, Tamil Nadu
16-foot, 2-inch stone statue of Mahavira in Ahinsa Sthal, Mehrauli, New Delhi{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=266}}|alt=Large outdoor statue of Mahavira, with a seated worshipper for scale
alt=See caption|Mahavira statue in Cave 32 of the Ellora Caves
Mahavira inside Ambapuram cave temple, 7th century
alt=Dharmachakra temple|Dharmachakra temple in Gajpanth
alt=Shri Mahavirji|Shri Mahavirji
Jain Center of Greater Phoenix
Jain temple, Potters Bar
Mahavir Swami at Manilaxmi Tirth, Gujarat

Mahavira (Sanskrit: महावीर) also known as Vardhamana, was the 24th Tirthankara (supreme preacher) of Jainism.

Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe austerities for twelve and a half years, after which he attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience).

Image of Tirthankara Parshvanatha (Victoria and Albert Museum, 6th–7th century)

Parshvanatha

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Image of Tirthankara Parshvanatha (Victoria and Albert Museum, 6th–7th century)
Parshvanatha was born in Varanasi, a historic city on the Ganges.
Parshvanatha and his yaksha, Dharanendra, in the 8th-century Tamil Nadu Kalugumalai Jain Beds
8th-century stone relief of Parshvanatha at Thirakoil
Parshvanatha with Padmavati and Dharnendra in a 16th-century manuscript
Parshvanatha iconography is identified by a sesha hood above his head and a cobra stamped (or carved) beneath his feet. At the center of his chest is a shrivatsa, which identifies Jain statues.
Jal Mandir, Shikharji, Parasnath
Parsvanatha ayagapata - Jina Parsvanatha, Mathura art, {{circa|15 CE}}.{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=201}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=406}}
alt=Stone relief|Uttar Pradesh, 2nd century (Museum of Oriental Art)
Parshvanath relief of Kahaum pillar, 5th century
alt=Lotus position|5th century (Satna, Madhya Pradesh)
alt=Lotus position|6th century, Uttar Pradesh
alt=Lotus position|7th-century Akota Bronze (Honolulu Museum of Art)
6th-7th century bronze statue in Asian Civilisations Museum
9th century - Cleveland Museum of Art
alt=Lotus position|10th-century copper, inlaid with silver and gemstones (LACMA)
alt=Lotus position|11th century, Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum
alt=Lotus position|Karnataka, 12th century (Art Institute of Chicago)
alt=Lotus position|1813 engraving
{{convert|61|ft}} colossal at Navagraha Jain Temple
alt=Outdoor standing statue|Vahelna statue
alt=Standing statue in niche|Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola
alt=Standing statue|Parshvanatha temple in Halebidu
Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho, UNESCO World Heritage Site
Pattadakal Jain Temple, UNESCO World Heritage Site
Parshavanth temple, Jaisalmer Fort, UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of Hill Forts of Rajasthan
Parshvanatha basadi at Halebidu: tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site
Calcutta Jain Temple
Antwerp Jain Temple, Belgium
Shri Nakodaji
Samovsaran Mandir, Palitana
Lodhurva Jain temple
Lal Mandir
Kere Basadi
alt=Godiji Parshwanath (Gori) Temple at Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage|Godiji (Gori) Temple in Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage
Parshwanath at Jirawala, Rajasthan

Parshvanatha, also known as Parshva and Parasnath, was the 23rd of 24 Tirthankaras (ford-makers or propagators of dharma) of Jainism.

Parshvanatha meditated for 84 days before he attained omniscience under a dhaataki tree near Benares.