A report on Mahavira, Rishabhanatha, Jainism and Neminatha

Statue of Mahavira meditating in the lotus position at Shri Mahavirji, Rajasthan, India.

Idol of Lord Rishabhdeva at Palitana Tirth, Gujarat

The hand symbolizes Ahiṃsā, the wheel dharmachakra, the resolve to halt saṃsāra (transmigration).

Image of Neminatha at a Jain temple in Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh

Mahavira in Padmasana meditation posture

Rishabha with mother Marudevi at Palitana

Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (transmigrating souls) in Jainism

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India at the time of Mahavira

Janma kalyāṇaka from the Kalpa Sutra, c. 14th–15th Century CE

Lord Neminatha, Akota Bronzes (7th century)

Depiction of wedding procession of Neminatha. His legend states that he renounced after hearing animal cries while they were being sacrificed to prepare his wedding feast.

Ruins of ancient Jain settlement from 2nd century BCE in Kankali Tila, Mathura depicting the scene of Nilanjana's Dance from life of Lord Rishabhdeva.

Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras, Jaipur, c. 1850

Neminatha temple complex on Girnar hills near Junagadh, Gujarat.

The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c.1375–1400 CE)

Statuary representing meditation by Rishabhanatha in Kayotsarga posture. (Photo:Ajmer Jain temple)

Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with Blind men and an elephant

Kalpa Sūtra recto Neminatha's blowing Krishna's conch verso text

Lord Mahavira's Jal Mandir (water temple) in Pawapuri, Bihar, India

Rishabhanatha's moving over lotus after attaining omniscience

A Jain monk in meditation, wearing the characteristic white robe and face covering

The largest statue of Neminath with height of 16 meters at Tirumalai built in 12th century

The "Charan Paduka" or foot impression of Mahavira at Jal Mandir

Mount Kailash or Ashtapad, the Nirvana place of Rishabhdeva.

Nishidhi stone, depicting the vow of sallekhana, 14th century, Karnataka

Folio from the Kalpa Sūtra, 15th century

Svetambara iconography of Rishabhanatha, in which he is identified by the bull stamped or carved below his feet. On the center of his chest is a shrivatsa.

Praying at the feet of a statue of Bahubali

Carving at Ambika Gumpha, Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, 2nd century BCE

Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.

The famous 15 ft "Bade Baba" idol at Bade Baba temple, Kundalpur

Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana), Jain Center of America, New York City

Mahavira iconography is distinguished by a lion stamped (or carved) beneath his feet; a Shrivatsa is on his chest.

Neminath Sculpture, National Museum, New Delhi, 11th Century

Statue of Ahimsa, Maharashtra, {{convert|108|feet}}

Image at Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum, 12th century

alt=See caption|Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Samanar Hills, Madurai, Tamil Nadu

Bawangaja, Madhya Pradesh, {{convert|84|feet}}

Neminath idol, Government Museum, Mathura, 12th Century

Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century

The {{convert|58.4|feet}} colossal at Gopachal Hill

A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira’s nirvana.

Depiction of Neminatha on Naag as bed, chakra on foot finger and conch played by nose at Parshvanath temple, Tijara

alt=See caption|Tallest known image of the seated Mahavira, Patnaganj

The {{convert|45|feet}} tall rock cut idol at Chanderi

Rishabhdev, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.

alt=See caption|Four-sided sculpture of Mahavira in Kankali Tila, Mathura

{{convert|31|feet}} statue made up of Ashtadhatu, Trilok Teerth Dham

The ruins of Gori Jain temples in Nagarparkar, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947.

alt=Two nude statues|Tirthankaras Rishabhanatha (left) and Mahavira, 11th century (British Museum)

The {{convert|25|feet}} idol at Dadabari, Kota

alt=Mahavira, seated|Temple relief of Mahavira, 14th century (Seattle Asian Art Museum)

Ranakpur Jain temple, Ranakpur, Rajasthan

alt=See caption|Relief of Mahavira in Thirakoil, Tamil Nadu

Adinatha temple, Khajuraho, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

16-foot, 2-inch stone statue of Mahavira in Ahinsa Sthal, Mehrauli, New Delhi{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=266}}|alt=Large outdoor statue of Mahavira, with a seated worshipper for scale

alt=See caption|Mahavira statue in Cave 32 of the Ellora Caves

Mahavira inside Ambapuram cave temple, 7th century

alt=Dharmachakra temple|Dharmachakra temple in Gajpanth

Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodbidri, Karnataka

Mahavir Swami at Manilaxmi Tirth, Gujarat

Mahavira (Sanskrit: महावीर) also known as Vardhamana, was the 24th Tirthankara (supreme preacher) of Jainism.

- Mahavira

Rishabhanatha, also ' (ऋषभदेव), Rishabhadeva, ' or Ikshvaku is the first Tīrthaṅkara (Supreme preacher) of Jainism and establisher of Ikshvaku dynasty.

- Rishabhanatha

Neminatha, also known as Nemi and Arishtanemi, is the twenty-second tirthankara (ford-maker) in Jainism.

- Neminatha

Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four Tirthankaras (supreme preachers of Dharma), with the first in the current time cycle being Rishabhadeva, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago; the twenty-third tirthankara Parshvanatha, whom historians date to 9th century BCE; and the twenty-fourth tirthankara, Mahavira around 600 BCE.

- Jainism

Along with Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Rishabhanatha, Neminatha is one of the twenty four tirthankaras who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.

- Neminatha

Along with Mahavira, Parshvanath, Neminath, and Shantinath; Rishabhanath is one of the five Tirthankaras that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.

- Rishabhanatha

The Ikshvaku Dynasty was founded by the First Tirthankara Rishabhanatha.

- Mahavira

According to Jain texts, he was the shortest of the twenty-four tirthankaras; earlier arihants were believed to have been taller, with Neminatha or Aristanemi —the 22nd tirthankara, who lived for 1,000 years—said to have been sixty-five cubits (98feet) in height.

- Mahavira

Out of the 24 Tirthankaras, Jains predominantly worship four: Mahāvīra, Parshvanatha, Neminatha and Rishabhanatha.

- Jainism

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Parshvanatha

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Parshvanatha was born in Varanasi, a historic city on the Ganges.

Parshvanatha and his yaksha, Dharanendra, in the 8th-century Tamil Nadu Kalugumalai Jain Beds

8th-century stone relief of Parshvanatha at Thirakoil

Parshvanatha with Padmavati and Dharnendra in a 16th-century manuscript

Parshvanatha iconography is identified by a sesha hood above his head and a cobra stamped (or carved) beneath his feet. At the center of his chest is a shrivatsa, which identifies Jain statues.

Parsvanatha ayagapata - Jina Parsvanatha, Mathura art, {{circa|15 CE}}.{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=201}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=406}}

alt=Stone relief|Uttar Pradesh, 2nd century (Museum of Oriental Art)

Parshvanath relief of Kahaum pillar, 5th century

alt=Lotus position|5th century (Satna, Madhya Pradesh)

alt=Lotus position|6th century, Uttar Pradesh

alt=Lotus position|7th-century Akota Bronze (Honolulu Museum of Art)

6th-7th century bronze statue in Asian Civilisations Museum

alt=Lotus position|10th-century copper, inlaid with silver and gemstones (LACMA)

alt=Lotus position|11th century, Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum

alt=Lotus position|Karnataka, 12th century (Art Institute of Chicago)

{{convert|61|ft}} colossal at Navagraha Jain Temple

alt=Outdoor standing statue|Vahelna statue

alt=Standing statue in niche|Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola

alt=Standing statue|Parshvanatha temple in Halebidu

Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Pattadakal Jain Temple, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Parshavanth temple, Jaisalmer Fort, UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of Hill Forts of Rajasthan

Parshvanatha basadi at Halebidu: tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site

alt=Godiji Parshwanath (Gori) Temple at Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage|Godiji (Gori) Temple in Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage

Parshvanatha, also known as Parshva and Parasnath, was the 23rd of 24 Tirthankaras (ford-makers or propagators of dharma) of Jainism.

The Jain sources place him between the 9th and 8th centuries BC whereas historians consider that he lived in the 8th or 7th century BC. Parshvanatha was born 273 years before Mahavira.

He was the spiritual successor of 22nd tirthankara Neminatha.

The earliest layer of Jain literature on cosmology and universal history pivots around two jinas: the Adinatha (Rishabhanatha) and Mahavira.

Tirthankara

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Tirthankara images at Siddhachal Caves inside Gwalior Fort.

Auspicious dreams seen by a tirthankara's mother during pregnancy

Samavasarana of Tirthankara Rishabha (Ajmer Jain temple)

Tirthankars of present, previous and next cosmic ages (72 in total)

Jain chaumukha sculpture at LACMA, 6th century

In Jainism, a Tirthankara (Sanskrit: ; English: literally a 'ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma (righteous path).

The first tirthankara in this present time cycle (Hunda Avsarpini) was Rishabhanatha, who is credited for formulating and organising humans to live in a society harmoniously.

The 24th and last tirthankara of the present half-cycle was Mahavira Swami Ji (599 BC–527 BC).

Two tirthankaras – Munisuvrata, the 20th, and Neminatha, the 22nd – belonged to the Harivamsa dynasty.