A report on Parshvanatha, Mahavira and Jainism

Image of Tirthankara Parshvanatha (Victoria and Albert Museum, 6th–7th century)

Statue of Mahavira meditating in the lotus position at Shri Mahavirji, Rajasthan, India.

The hand symbolizes Ahiṃsā, the wheel dharmachakra, the resolve to halt saṃsāra (transmigration).

Parshvanatha was born in Varanasi, a historic city on the Ganges.

Mahavira in Padmasana meditation posture

Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (transmigrating souls) in Jainism

Parshvanatha and his yaksha, Dharanendra, in the 8th-century Tamil Nadu Kalugumalai Jain Beds

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India at the time of Mahavira

Lord Neminatha, Akota Bronzes (7th century)

8th-century stone relief of Parshvanatha at Thirakoil

Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras, Jaipur, c. 1850

Parshvanatha with Padmavati and Dharnendra in a 16th-century manuscript

The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c.1375–1400 CE)

Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with Blind men and an elephant

Parshvanatha iconography is identified by a sesha hood above his head and a cobra stamped (or carved) beneath his feet. At the center of his chest is a shrivatsa, which identifies Jain statues.

Lord Mahavira's Jal Mandir (water temple) in Pawapuri, Bihar, India

A Jain monk in meditation, wearing the characteristic white robe and face covering

The "Charan Paduka" or foot impression of Mahavira at Jal Mandir

Nishidhi stone, depicting the vow of sallekhana, 14th century, Karnataka

Parsvanatha ayagapata - Jina Parsvanatha, Mathura art, {{circa|15 CE}}.{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=201}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=406}}

Folio from the Kalpa Sūtra, 15th century

Praying at the feet of a statue of Bahubali

alt=Stone relief|Uttar Pradesh, 2nd century (Museum of Oriental Art)

Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.

Parshvanath relief of Kahaum pillar, 5th century

Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana), Jain Center of America, New York City

alt=Lotus position|5th century (Satna, Madhya Pradesh)

Mahavira iconography is distinguished by a lion stamped (or carved) beneath his feet; a Shrivatsa is on his chest.

alt=Lotus position|6th century, Uttar Pradesh

alt=Lotus position|7th-century Akota Bronze (Honolulu Museum of Art)

alt=See caption|Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Samanar Hills, Madurai, Tamil Nadu

6th-7th century bronze statue in Asian Civilisations Museum

Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century

A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira’s nirvana.

alt=See caption|Tallest known image of the seated Mahavira, Patnaganj

Rishabhdev, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.

alt=Lotus position|10th-century copper, inlaid with silver and gemstones (LACMA)

alt=See caption|Four-sided sculpture of Mahavira in Kankali Tila, Mathura

The ruins of Gori Jain temples in Nagarparkar, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947.

alt=Lotus position|11th century, Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum

alt=Two nude statues|Tirthankaras Rishabhanatha (left) and Mahavira, 11th century (British Museum)

alt=Lotus position|Karnataka, 12th century (Art Institute of Chicago)

alt=Mahavira, seated|Temple relief of Mahavira, 14th century (Seattle Asian Art Museum)

alt=See caption|Relief of Mahavira in Thirakoil, Tamil Nadu

{{convert|61|ft}} colossal at Navagraha Jain Temple

16-foot, 2-inch stone statue of Mahavira in Ahinsa Sthal, Mehrauli, New Delhi{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=266}}|alt=Large outdoor statue of Mahavira, with a seated worshipper for scale

alt=Outdoor standing statue|Vahelna statue

alt=See caption|Mahavira statue in Cave 32 of the Ellora Caves

alt=Standing statue in niche|Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola

Mahavira inside Ambapuram cave temple, 7th century

alt=Standing statue|Parshvanatha temple in Halebidu

alt=Dharmachakra temple|Dharmachakra temple in Gajpanth

Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodbidri, Karnataka

Pattadakal Jain Temple, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Parshavanth temple, Jaisalmer Fort, UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of Hill Forts of Rajasthan

Parshvanatha basadi at Halebidu: tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site

Mahavir Swami at Manilaxmi Tirth, Gujarat

alt=Godiji Parshwanath (Gori) Temple at Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage|Godiji (Gori) Temple in Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage

Parshvanatha, also known as Parshva and Parasnath, was the 23rd of 24 Tirthankaras (ford-makers or propagators of dharma) of Jainism.

- Parshvanatha

Mahavira (Sanskrit: महावीर) also known as Vardhamana, was the 24th Tirthankara (supreme preacher) of Jainism.

- Mahavira

He was the spiritual successor of the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha.

- Mahavira

Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four Tirthankaras (supreme preachers of Dharma), with the first in the current time cycle being Rishabhadeva, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago; the twenty-third tirthankara Parshvanatha, whom historians date to 9th century BCE; and the twenty-fourth tirthankara, Mahavira around 600 BCE.

- Jainism

The Jain sources place him between the 9th and 8th centuries BC whereas historians consider that he lived in the 8th or 7th century BC. Parshvanatha was born 273 years before Mahavira.

- Parshvanatha

6 related topics with Alpha

Tirthankara

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Tirthankara images at Siddhachal Caves inside Gwalior Fort.

Auspicious dreams seen by a tirthankara's mother during pregnancy

Samavasarana of Tirthankara Rishabha (Ajmer Jain temple)

Tirthankars of present, previous and next cosmic ages (72 in total)

Jain chaumukha sculpture at LACMA, 6th century

In Jainism, a Tirthankara (Sanskrit: ; English: literally a 'ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma (righteous path).

The 24th and last tirthankara of the present half-cycle was Mahavira Swami Ji (599 BC–527 BC).

History records the existence of Mahavira and his predecessor, Parshvanath, the twenty-third tirthankara.

Idol of Lord Rishabhdeva at Palitana Tirth, Gujarat

Rishabhanatha

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Rishabha with mother Marudevi at Palitana

Janma kalyāṇaka from the Kalpa Sutra, c. 14th–15th Century CE

Ruins of ancient Jain settlement from 2nd century BCE in Kankali Tila, Mathura depicting the scene of Nilanjana's Dance from life of Lord Rishabhdeva.

Statuary representing meditation by Rishabhanatha in Kayotsarga posture. (Photo:Ajmer Jain temple)

Rishabhanatha's moving over lotus after attaining omniscience

Mount Kailash or Ashtapad, the Nirvana place of Rishabhdeva.

Svetambara iconography of Rishabhanatha, in which he is identified by the bull stamped or carved below his feet. On the center of his chest is a shrivatsa.

Carving at Ambika Gumpha, Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, 2nd century BCE

The famous 15 ft "Bade Baba" idol at Bade Baba temple, Kundalpur

Statue of Ahimsa, Maharashtra, {{convert|108|feet}}

Bawangaja, Madhya Pradesh, {{convert|84|feet}}

The {{convert|58.4|feet}} colossal at Gopachal Hill

The {{convert|45|feet}} tall rock cut idol at Chanderi

{{convert|31|feet}} statue made up of Ashtadhatu, Trilok Teerth Dham

The {{convert|25|feet}} idol at Dadabari, Kota

Ranakpur Jain temple, Ranakpur, Rajasthan

Adinatha temple, Khajuraho, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Rishabhanatha, also ' (ऋषभदेव), Rishabhadeva, ' or Ikshvaku is the first Tīrthaṅkara (Supreme preacher) of Jainism and establisher of Ikshvaku dynasty.

Along with Mahavira, Parshvanath, Neminath, and Shantinath; Rishabhanath is one of the five Tirthankaras that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.

Neminatha

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Depiction of wedding procession of Neminatha. His legend states that he renounced after hearing animal cries while they were being sacrificed to prepare his wedding feast.

Neminatha temple complex on Girnar hills near Junagadh, Gujarat.

Kalpa Sūtra recto Neminatha's blowing Krishna's conch verso text

The largest statue of Neminath with height of 16 meters at Tirumalai built in 12th century

Neminath Sculpture, National Museum, New Delhi, 11th Century

Image at Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum, 12th century

Neminath idol, Government Museum, Mathura, 12th Century

Depiction of Neminatha on Naag as bed, chakra on foot finger and conch played by nose at Parshvanath temple, Tijara

Neminatha, also known as Nemi and Arishtanemi, is the twenty-second tirthankara (ford-maker) in Jainism.

Along with Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Rishabhanatha, Neminatha is one of the twenty four tirthankaras who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.

Kevala jnana

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Kevala gyana (केवल ज्ञान) or Keval gyan means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as complete understanding or supreme wisdom.

According to both traditions, the last kevalin was a disciple of one of the eleven chief disciples of the last tirthankara, Mahāvīra; his name is recorded as Jambuswami.

In the second Upanga Agama, the Rājapraśnīya, there is a dialogue between Kesi, a disciple of Pārśva, and Payasi, a materialist king.

Ahimsa

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Ancient Indian principle of nonviolence which applies to all living beings.

The 5th-century CE Tamil scholar Valluvar, in his Tirukkural, taught ahimsa and moral vegetarianism as personal virtues. The plaque in this statue of Valluvar at an animal sanctuary at Tiruvallur describes the Kural's teachings on ahimsa and non-killing, summing them up with the definition of veganism.

Gandhi promoted the principle of Ahimsa by applying it to politics.

The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolises the Jain Vow of Ahimsa. The word in the middle is Ahimsa. The wheel represents the dharmacakra which stands for the resolve to halt the cycle of reincarnation through relentless pursuit of truth and non-violence.

It is a key virtue in the Dhārmic religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism.

Lord Parsvanatha, the twenty-third tirthankara of Jainism, revived and preached the concept of non-violence in the 9th century BCE.

Mahavira, the twenty-fourth and the last tirthankara, further strengthened the idea in the 6th century BCE.

Detail of a leaf with, The Birth of God Mahavira (the 24th Jain Tirthankara), from the Kalpa Sutra, c.1375–1400.

Kalpa Sūtra

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Kalpasutra folio on Mahavira Nirvana. Note the crescent-shaped Siddhashila, a place where all siddhas reside after Nirvana.

The Kalpa Sūtra (कल्पसूत्र) is a Jain text containing the biographies of the Jain Tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira.