A report on Jainism and Neminatha

The hand symbolizes Ahiṃsā, the wheel dharmachakra, the resolve to halt saṃsāra (transmigration).

Image of Neminatha at a Jain temple in Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh

Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (transmigrating souls) in Jainism

Lord Neminatha, Akota Bronzes (7th century)

Depiction of wedding procession of Neminatha. His legend states that he renounced after hearing animal cries while they were being sacrificed to prepare his wedding feast.

Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras, Jaipur, c. 1850

Neminatha temple complex on Girnar hills near Junagadh, Gujarat.

Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with Blind men and an elephant

Kalpa Sūtra recto Neminatha's blowing Krishna's conch verso text

A Jain monk in meditation, wearing the characteristic white robe and face covering

The largest statue of Neminath with height of 16 meters at Tirumalai built in 12th century

Nishidhi stone, depicting the vow of sallekhana, 14th century, Karnataka

Praying at the feet of a statue of Bahubali

Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.

Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana), Jain Center of America, New York City

The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c.1375–1400 CE)

Neminath Sculpture, National Museum, New Delhi, 11th Century

Image at Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum, 12th century

Neminath idol, Government Museum, Mathura, 12th Century

A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira’s nirvana.

Depiction of Neminatha on Naag as bed, chakra on foot finger and conch played by nose at Parshvanath temple, Tijara

Rishabhdev, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.

The ruins of Gori Jain temples in Nagarparkar, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947.

Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodbidri, Karnataka

Neminatha, also known as Nemi and Arishtanemi, is the twenty-second tirthankara (ford-maker) in Jainism.

- Neminatha

Out of the 24 Tirthankaras, Jains predominantly worship four: Mahāvīra, Parshvanatha, Neminatha and Rishabhanatha.

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Idol of Lord Rishabhdeva at Palitana Tirth, Gujarat

Rishabhanatha

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Rishabha with mother Marudevi at Palitana

Janma kalyāṇaka from the Kalpa Sutra, c. 14th–15th Century CE

Ruins of ancient Jain settlement from 2nd century BCE in Kankali Tila, Mathura depicting the scene of Nilanjana's Dance from life of Lord Rishabhdeva.

Statuary representing meditation by Rishabhanatha in Kayotsarga posture. (Photo:Ajmer Jain temple)

Rishabhanatha's moving over lotus after attaining omniscience

Mount Kailash or Ashtapad, the Nirvana place of Rishabhdeva.

Svetambara iconography of Rishabhanatha, in which he is identified by the bull stamped or carved below his feet. On the center of his chest is a shrivatsa.

Carving at Ambika Gumpha, Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, 2nd century BCE

The famous 15 ft "Bade Baba" idol at Bade Baba temple, Kundalpur

Statue of Ahimsa, Maharashtra, {{convert|108|feet}}

Bawangaja, Madhya Pradesh, {{convert|84|feet}}

The {{convert|58.4|feet}} colossal at Gopachal Hill

The {{convert|45|feet}} tall rock cut idol at Chanderi

{{convert|31|feet}} statue made up of Ashtadhatu, Trilok Teerth Dham

The {{convert|25|feet}} idol at Dadabari, Kota

Ranakpur Jain temple, Ranakpur, Rajasthan

Adinatha temple, Khajuraho, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Rishabhanatha, also ' (ऋषभदेव), Rishabhadeva, ' or Ikshvaku is the first Tīrthaṅkara (Supreme preacher) of Jainism and establisher of Ikshvaku dynasty.

Along with Mahavira, Parshvanath, Neminath, and Shantinath; Rishabhanath is one of the five Tirthankaras that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.

Parshvanatha

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Parshvanatha was born in Varanasi, a historic city on the Ganges.

Parshvanatha and his yaksha, Dharanendra, in the 8th-century Tamil Nadu Kalugumalai Jain Beds

8th-century stone relief of Parshvanatha at Thirakoil

Parshvanatha with Padmavati and Dharnendra in a 16th-century manuscript

Parshvanatha iconography is identified by a sesha hood above his head and a cobra stamped (or carved) beneath his feet. At the center of his chest is a shrivatsa, which identifies Jain statues.

Parsvanatha ayagapata - Jina Parsvanatha, Mathura art, {{circa|15 CE}}.{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=201}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=406}}

alt=Stone relief|Uttar Pradesh, 2nd century (Museum of Oriental Art)

Parshvanath relief of Kahaum pillar, 5th century

alt=Lotus position|5th century (Satna, Madhya Pradesh)

alt=Lotus position|6th century, Uttar Pradesh

alt=Lotus position|7th-century Akota Bronze (Honolulu Museum of Art)

6th-7th century bronze statue in Asian Civilisations Museum

alt=Lotus position|10th-century copper, inlaid with silver and gemstones (LACMA)

alt=Lotus position|11th century, Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum

alt=Lotus position|Karnataka, 12th century (Art Institute of Chicago)

{{convert|61|ft}} colossal at Navagraha Jain Temple

alt=Outdoor standing statue|Vahelna statue

alt=Standing statue in niche|Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola

alt=Standing statue|Parshvanatha temple in Halebidu

Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Pattadakal Jain Temple, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Parshavanth temple, Jaisalmer Fort, UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of Hill Forts of Rajasthan

Parshvanatha basadi at Halebidu: tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site

alt=Godiji Parshwanath (Gori) Temple at Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage|Godiji (Gori) Temple in Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage

Parshvanatha, also known as Parshva and Parasnath, was the 23rd of 24 Tirthankaras (ford-makers or propagators of dharma) of Jainism.

He was the spiritual successor of 22nd tirthankara Neminatha.

Mahavira

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Mahavira in Padmasana meditation posture

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India at the time of Mahavira

Lord Mahavira's Jal Mandir (water temple) in Pawapuri, Bihar, India

The "Charan Paduka" or foot impression of Mahavira at Jal Mandir

Folio from the Kalpa Sūtra, 15th century

Mahavira iconography is distinguished by a lion stamped (or carved) beneath his feet; a Shrivatsa is on his chest.

alt=See caption|Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Samanar Hills, Madurai, Tamil Nadu

Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century

alt=See caption|Tallest known image of the seated Mahavira, Patnaganj

alt=See caption|Four-sided sculpture of Mahavira in Kankali Tila, Mathura

alt=Two nude statues|Tirthankaras Rishabhanatha (left) and Mahavira, 11th century (British Museum)

alt=Mahavira, seated|Temple relief of Mahavira, 14th century (Seattle Asian Art Museum)

alt=See caption|Relief of Mahavira in Thirakoil, Tamil Nadu

16-foot, 2-inch stone statue of Mahavira in Ahinsa Sthal, Mehrauli, New Delhi{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=266}}|alt=Large outdoor statue of Mahavira, with a seated worshipper for scale

alt=See caption|Mahavira statue in Cave 32 of the Ellora Caves

Mahavira inside Ambapuram cave temple, 7th century

alt=Dharmachakra temple|Dharmachakra temple in Gajpanth

Mahavir Swami at Manilaxmi Tirth, Gujarat

Mahavira (Sanskrit: महावीर) also known as Vardhamana, was the 24th Tirthankara (supreme preacher) of Jainism.

According to Jain texts, he was the shortest of the twenty-four tirthankaras; earlier arihants were believed to have been taller, with Neminatha or Aristanemi —the 22nd tirthankara, who lived for 1,000 years—said to have been sixty-five cubits (98feet) in height.

Tirthankara

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Tirthankara images at Siddhachal Caves inside Gwalior Fort.

Auspicious dreams seen by a tirthankara's mother during pregnancy

Samavasarana of Tirthankara Rishabha (Ajmer Jain temple)

Tirthankars of present, previous and next cosmic ages (72 in total)

Jain chaumukha sculpture at LACMA, 6th century

In Jainism, a Tirthankara (Sanskrit: ; English: literally a 'ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma (righteous path).

Two tirthankaras – Munisuvrata, the 20th, and Neminatha, the 22nd – belonged to the Harivamsa dynasty.

An image of Ambika in Cave 34 of the Ellora Caves

Ambika (Jainism)

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Ambika as Gullikayi ji in front of Gommateshwara statue

Goddess Ambika sitting on lion and mango tree branch in right arm and her son in left, Royal Ontario Museum, 8th-9th century

Image depicting Goddess Ambika in LACMA, 6th-7th century

Carving of Ambikadevi Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century

Image depicting Goddess Ambika from Karnataka, India, c. 900 CE, Norton Simon Museum

Sculpture of Goddess Ambika, 1034 AD, British Museum

Goddess Ambika in Museum Rietberg, 11th century

Sculpture of Gomedh and Ambika at Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum, 11th century

Sarvanubhuti and Kushmandini with Jinas, 11 century, Art Gallery of New South Wales

Goddess Ambika idol, Victoria and Albert Museum, 1150-1200 AD

Goddess Ambika - Medieval Period (Government Museum, Mathura)

Modern iconography, Shri Munisuvrata-Nemi-Parshva Jinalaya

In Jainism, Ambika (अम्बिका, ଅମ୍ବିକା "Mother") or Ambika Devi (अम्बिका देवी "the Goddess-Mother") is the Yakshini "dedicated attendant deity" or "protector goddess" of the 22nd Tirthankara, Neminatha.

Śvētāmbara

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A 1st- to 2nd–century CE water tank relief panel showing two ardhaphalaka Jain monks carrying colapatta cloth on their left hand found in the ruins of Mathura (Brooklyn Museum 87.188.5). This cloth carrying tradition to cover genitalia by ancient Jain monks in principle resembles the beliefs of the Svetambara and now extinct Yapaniya subtradition.

Tirth Pat on display at Prince of Wales museum, Mumbai

The Śvētāmbara (śvētapaṭa; also spelled Shwethambara, Svetambar, Shvetambara or Swetambar) is one of the two main branches of Jainism, the other being the Digambara.

Digambara believe Rishabha, Vasupujya and Neminatha were the three tirthankaras who reached omniscience while in sitting posture and other tirthankaras were in standing ascetic posture. In contrast, Śvētāmbaras believe it was Rishabha, Nemi and Mahāvīra who were the three in sitting posture.

Krishna

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Major deity in Hinduism.

Heliodorus Pillar in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, erected about 120BCE. The inscription states that Heliodorus is a Bhagvatena, and a couplet in the inscription closely paraphrases a Sanskrit verse from the Mahabharata.

Balarama and Krishna with their attributes at Chilas. The Kharoshthi inscription nearby reads Rama [kri]ṣa. 1st century CE.

Krishna is celebrated in the Vaishnava tradition in various stages of his life.

Bala Krishna dancing, 14thcenturyCE Chola sculpture, Tamil Nadu, in the Honolulu Academy of Arts.

Krishna lifting Govardhana at Bharat Kala Bhavan, recovered from a Muslim graveyard in Varanasi. It is dated to the Gupta Empire era (4th/6th-centuryCE).

Baby Krishna on a swing, depicted with his foster parents Nanda and Yashoda.

Rasalila by M.V. Dhurandhar, early 20th century

Krishna with his consorts Rukmini and Satyabhama and his mount Garuda, Tamil Nadu, India, late 12th–13thcentury

In the foreground, an iconographic symbol of Krishna with Arjuna during the Kurukshetra war – the context for the Bhagavad Gita. The background depicts Krishna's Vishvarupa (cosmic form) described in the Bhagavad Gita.

14th-century fresco of Radha Krishna in Udaipur, Rajasthan

12th-century art depicting Krishna playing flute with gathered living beings at Hoysaleswara temple, Karnataka

Krishna has been a major part of the Bhakti movement. One of the key devotees was Meera (pictured).

Krishna (left) with Radha at Bhaktivedanta Manor, Watford, England

Krishna lifts "Govardhan" mountain, a 7th-century artwork from a Da Nang, Vietnam, archaeological site

Depiction of Krishna playing the flute in a temple constructed in 752CE on the order of Emperor Shomu, Todai-ji Temple, Great Buddha Hall in Nara, Japan

Ghora is identified with Neminatha, the twenty-second tirthankara in Jainism, by some scholars.