A report on Jainism and Rama

The hand symbolizes Ahiṃsā, the wheel dharmachakra, the resolve to halt saṃsāra (transmigration).

Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (transmigrating souls) in Jainism

Gold carving depiction of the legendary Ayodhya at the Ajmer Jain temple

Lord Neminatha, Akota Bronzes (7th century)

Rama is portrayed in Hindu arts and texts as a compassionate person who cares for all living beings.

Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras, Jaipur, c. 1850

Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with Blind men and an elephant

The Rama story is carved into stone as an 8th-century relief artwork in the largest Shiva temple of the Ellora Caves, suggesting its importance to the Indian society by then.

A Jain monk in meditation, wearing the characteristic white robe and face covering

1870 painting on mica entitled, Incarnation of Vishnu

Nishidhi stone, depicting the vow of sallekhana, 14th century, Karnataka

Praying at the feet of a statue of Bahubali

Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.

Rama (left third from top) depicted in the Dashavatara (ten incornations) of Vishnu. Painting from Jaipur, now at the Victoria and Albert Museum.

Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana), Jain Center of America, New York City

Rama (Yama) and Sita (Thida) in Yama Zatdaw, the Burmese version of the Ramayana

The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c.1375–1400 CE)

A 5th century terracotta sculpture depicting Rama

In Northern, Central and Western states of India, the Ramlila play is enacted during Navratri by rural artists (above).

Rama's story is a major part of the artistic reliefs found at Angkor Wat, Cambodia. Large sequences of Ramayana reliefs are also found in Java, Indonesia.

A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira’s nirvana.

The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Hampi monuments in Karnataka, built by the Vijayanagara Empire, includes a major Rama temple. Its numerous wall reliefs tell the life story of Rama.

Rishabhdev, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.

Rama Temple at Ramtek (10th century, restored). A medieval inscription here calls Rama as Advaitavadaprabhu or "Lord of the Advaita doctrine".

The ruins of Gori Jain temples in Nagarparkar, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947.

Rama, along with his younger brother Lakshmana and wife Sita, exiled to the forest.

Ravana's sister Suparnakha attempts to seduce Rama and cheat on Sita. He refuses and spurns her (above).

Ravana kidnapping Sita while Jatayu on the left tried to help her. 9th-century Prambanan bas-relief, Java, Indonesia.

Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodbidri, Karnataka

Rama legends are also found in the texts of Jainism and Buddhism, though he is sometimes called Pauma or Padma in these texts, and their details vary significantly from the Hindu versions.

- Rama

Siddhakshetra – Site of the moksha of an arihant (kevalin) or tirthankara, such as: Ashtapada of Rishabhanatha, Shikharji of 20 Tirthankara, Girnar of Neminatha, Pawapuri of Mahaveera, Champapuri (capital of Anga) of Vasupujya, Mangi-Tungi of Ram, Palitana of 3 Pandavas.

- Jainism

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Idol of Lord Rishabhdeva at Palitana Tirth, Gujarat

Rishabhanatha

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Rishabha with mother Marudevi at Palitana

Janma kalyāṇaka from the Kalpa Sutra, c. 14th–15th Century CE

Ruins of ancient Jain settlement from 2nd century BCE in Kankali Tila, Mathura depicting the scene of Nilanjana's Dance from life of Lord Rishabhdeva.

Statuary representing meditation by Rishabhanatha in Kayotsarga posture. (Photo:Ajmer Jain temple)

Rishabhanatha's moving over lotus after attaining omniscience

Mount Kailash or Ashtapad, the Nirvana place of Rishabhdeva.

Svetambara iconography of Rishabhanatha, in which he is identified by the bull stamped or carved below his feet. On the center of his chest is a shrivatsa.

Carving at Ambika Gumpha, Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, 2nd century BCE

The famous 15 ft "Bade Baba" idol at Bade Baba temple, Kundalpur

Statue of Ahimsa, Maharashtra, {{convert|108|feet}}

Bawangaja, Madhya Pradesh, {{convert|84|feet}}

The {{convert|58.4|feet}} colossal at Gopachal Hill

The {{convert|45|feet}} tall rock cut idol at Chanderi

{{convert|31|feet}} statue made up of Ashtadhatu, Trilok Teerth Dham

The {{convert|25|feet}} idol at Dadabari, Kota

Ranakpur Jain temple, Ranakpur, Rajasthan

Adinatha temple, Khajuraho, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Rishabhanatha, also ' (ऋषभदेव), Rishabhadeva, ' or Ikshvaku is the first Tīrthaṅkara (Supreme preacher) of Jainism and establisher of Ikshvaku dynasty.

His association to Ayodhya makes it a sacred town for Jains, as it is in Hinduism for the birth of the Rama.

Diwali

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William Simpson labelled his chromolithograph of 1867 CE as "Dewali, feast of lamps". It showed streets lit up at dusk, with a girl and her mother lighting a street corner lamp.

Diwali is celebrated in the honour of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth.

A picture of Lakshmi and Ganesha worship during Diwali

Diwali celebrations include puja (prayers) to Lakshmi and Ganesha. Lakshmi is of the Vaishnavism tradition, while Ganesha of the Shaivism tradition of Hinduism.

Dhanteras starts off the Diwali celebrations with the lighting of Diya or Panati lamp rows, house cleaning and floor rangoli

A sparkling fire cracker, commonly known as 'Kit Kat' in India

Lighting candle and clay lamp in their house and at temples during Diwali night

A child playing with sparklers during Diwali

Diwali (Deepawali (IAST: dīpāwalī) or Divali; related to Jain Diwali, Bandi Chhor Divas, Tihar, Swanti, Sohrai and Bandna) is a festival of lights and one of the major festivals celebrated by Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and some Buddhist.

The festival is widely associated with Lakshmi, goddess of prosperity and Ganesha, god of wisdom and the remover of obstacles, with many other regional traditions connecting the holiday to Sita and Rama, Vishnu, Krishna, Durga, Shiva, Kali, Hanuman, Kubera, Yama, Yami, Dhanvantari, or Vishvakarman.

Ayodhya

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City situated on the banks of holy river Saryu in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

The Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription, first-century BC

Coin of ruler Muladeva, of the Deva dynasty minted in Ayodhya, Kosala. Obv: Muladevasa, elephant to left facing symbol. Rev: Wreath, above symbol, below snake.

Ayodhya in 1785 as seen from river Ghaghara; painting by William Hodges. It depicts the Svargadvar Ghat. A mosque of Aurangzeb period in the background.

United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, showing 'Ajodhia', 1903 map

Deepawali being celebrated at Ram ki Paidi ghat on the banks of Sarayu river in Ayodhya

Sign board of Ayodhya Junction railway station

Kanak Bhavan Temple dedicated to Rama and his consort Sita is in the centre of Ayodhya.

Ayodhya Ghaat on the bank Ghaghara river

Ghaghra river, locally known as Saryu, at Faizabad

Hanuman Garhi temple. A young priest is operating the Darshan system.

Ayodhya, also known as Saketa, is an ancient city of India, is the birthplace of Rama and setting of the great epic Ramayana.

The ninth century Jain poem Adi Purana also states that Ayodhya "does not exist by name alone but by the merit" of being unconquerable by enemies.

Diya (lamp)

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Oil lamp made from clay or mud with a cotton wick dipped in ghee.

Top of the ornamental Nachiarkoil or Annam lamp of Tamilnadu

Diyas are native to the Indian subcontinent and they hold sacred prominence in Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist and Jain prayers as well as religious rituals, ceremonies and festivals including Diwali.

Diwali marks the day Lord Rama, Goddess Sita and Lakshmana returned home to Ayodhya after 14 years in exile, away from their home fighting and eradicating evil.

Tirthankara

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Tirthankara images at Siddhachal Caves inside Gwalior Fort.

Auspicious dreams seen by a tirthankara's mother during pregnancy

Samavasarana of Tirthankara Rishabha (Ajmer Jain temple)

Tirthankars of present, previous and next cosmic ages (72 in total)

Jain chaumukha sculpture at LACMA, 6th century

In Jainism, a Tirthankara (Sanskrit: ; English: literally a 'ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma (righteous path).

Yoga Vasishta, Chapter 15 of Vairagya Khanda, Sloka 8 gives the saying of Rama:

A Balinese Hindu family after puja at Bratan temple in Bali, Indonesia

Hinduism

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Variously defined as an Indian religion, a set of religious beliefs or practices, a religious tradition, a way of life, or dharma—a religious and universal order by which followers abide.

Om, a stylized letter of Devanagari script, used as a religious symbol in Hinduism

Swami Vivekananda was a key figure in introducing Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and the United States, raising interfaith awareness and making Hinduism a world religion.

Ganesha is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon.

The Hare Krishna group at the Esplanadi Park in Helsinki, Finland

The festival of lights, Diwali, is celebrated by Hindus all over the world.

Hindus in Ghana celebrating Ganesh Chaturti

Holi celebrated at the Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple in Utah, United States.

Kedar Ghat, a bathing place for pilgrims on the Ganges at Varanasi

Priests performing Kalyanam (marriage) of the holy deities at Bhadrachalam Temple, in Telangana. It is one of the temples in India, where Kalyanam is done everyday throughout the year.

Basic Hindu symbols: Shatkona, Padma, and Swastika.

Kauai Hindu monastery in Kauai Island in Hawaii is the only Hindu Monastery in the North American continent.

The Hindu Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram was built by Narasimhavarman II.

These militaristic traditions include Ramaism (the worship of a hero of epic literature, Rama, believing him to be an incarnation of Vishnu) and parts of political Hinduism.

He includes among "founded religions" Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism that are now distinct religions, syncretic movements such as Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society, as well as various "Guru-isms" and new religious movements such as Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and ISKCON.

Hindu calendar

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One of various lunisolar calendars that are traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with further regional variations for social and Hindu religious purposes.

The Hindu calendar saka samvat system is found in Indonesian inscriptions, such as the Kedukan Bukit inscription (pictured above) dated to 604 Śaka, which is equivalent to 682 CE.

Similarly, the ancient Jain traditions have followed the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts and inscriptions.

The Hindu festivals typically are either on or the day after the full moon night or the darkest night (amavasya, अमावास्या), except for some associated with Krishna, Durga or Rama.

Bihar

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State in eastern India.

(Sitting L to R): Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha during Mahatma Gandhi's 1917 Champaran Satyagraha

Kathak classical dance form, from Bhojpur region

Patna river port on national inland waterways-1 at Gai Ghat

Front view of administrative building of IIT Patna

Sita, a daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila is mentioned as the consort of Lord Rama, in the Hindu epic Ramayana, written by Valmiki.

Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism, was born in Vaishali around the 6th century BC. Śrāddha ritual performed in Pitru Paksha period considered as fruitful in the holy city of Gaya, which is seen as a special place to perform the rite, and hosts a fair during the Pitri Paksha period.