A report on Jainism and Shravanabelagola

The hand symbolizes Ahiṃsā, the wheel dharmachakra, the resolve to halt saṃsāra (transmigration).

Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (transmigrating souls) in Jainism

The pond in the middle of the town, after which it is named, Beḷagoḷa “White Pond”

Lord Neminatha, Akota Bronzes (7th century)

Statue of Emperor Bharata Chakravartin, after whom India was named Bharatvarsha.

Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras, Jaipur, c. 1850

Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with Blind men and an elephant

A Jain monk in meditation, wearing the characteristic white robe and face covering

Nishidhi stone, depicting the vow of sallekhana, 14th century, Karnataka

Mahamastakabhisheka of Gommateshwara statue

Praying at the feet of a statue of Bahubali

The tableau of Karnataka depicting Mahamastabhisheka of Lord Gommateshwara, during the Republic Day Parade in 2005

Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.

Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana), Jain Center of America, New York City

The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c.1375–1400 CE)

A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira’s nirvana.

Rishabhdev, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.

The ruins of Gori Jain temples in Nagarparkar, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947.

Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodbidri, Karnataka

The Gommateshwara Bahubali statue at Shravanabelagola is one of the most important tirthas (pilgrimage destinations) in Jainism, one that reached a peak in architectural and sculptural activity under the patronage of Western Ganga dynasty of Talakad.

- Shravanabelagola

Shravanabelagola, Saavira Kambada Basadi or 1000 pillars and Brahma Jinalaya are important Jain centers in Karnataka.

- Jainism

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Western Ganga dynasty

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Important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka in India which lasted from about 350 to 1000 CE.

Old Kannada inscription of c. 726 CE, discovered in Talakad, from the rule of King Shivamara I or Sripurusha

Ganga Dynasty emblem on a 10th-century copper plate

The Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli was an important center of Jainism during the Ganga period.

Gangas of Talakad (Western Gangas). Circa 1080-1138 AD

A mantapa (hall) at the Jain Panchakuta basadi of 9th–10th century at Kambadahalli

Gommateshwara at Shravanabelagola (982–983) C.E.

Kalleshwara Temple Complex, built in the 10th century by the Nolambas, a Western Ganga feudatory, at Aralaguppe in the Tumkur district

Hero stone (870–906 A.D.) with old Kannada inscription at Kalleshvara temple in Aralaguppe

The famous Atakur inscription (949 C.E.), a classical Kannada composition pertaining to the Western Ganga-Rashtrakuta victory over the Chola dynasty of Tanjore in the famous battle of Takkolam

Mahasthambha (pillar) and Chandragupta Basadi at Chandragiri Hill in Shravanabelagola

Chandragiri hill temple complex at Shravanabelagola

Ceiling sculpture, Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli

Chavundaraya basadi on Chandragiri hill in Shravanabelagola temple complex

Old Kannada inscription at the base of Gomateshwara monolith in Shravanabelagola (981 CE.)

The famous Begur inscription in old Kannada, dated to c. 908–938 CE, from the rule of Western Ganga dynasty King Ereyappa.

The Western Ganga kings showed benevolent tolerance to all faiths but are most famous for their patronage toward Jainism resulting in the construction of monuments in places such as Shravanabelagola and Kambadahalli.

Karnataka

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State in the southwestern region of India.

Mallikarjuna temple and Kashi Vishwanatha temple at Pattadakal, built successively by the kings of the Chalukya Empire and Rashtrakuta Empire, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Chief Minister Dr. Devaraj Urs announcing the new name of the Mysore state as 'Karnataka'

Jog Falls, formed by Sharavathi River, are the second-highest plunge waterfalls in India.

Political map of Indian state of Karnataka with the official names of its 31 districts.

Infosys, a Bengaluru-headquartered information-technology company,

Vishnu image inside the Badami Cave Temple Complex number 3. The complex is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture.

Gomateswara (982–983) at Shravanabelagola is an important centre of Jain pilgrimage.

Halmidi inscription (450 CE) is the earliest attested inscription in the Kannada language.

Indian Institute of Science is one of the premier institutes of India.

Anil Kumble, former captain of the Indian Test team and spin legend, is the highest wicket-taker for India in international cricket.

Bengal tigers at Bannerghatta National Park near Bangalore

Chennakesava Temple is a model example of the Hoysala architecture, later repaired in the 16th century with financial support and grants by the Vijayanagara Emperors.

Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine Hagia Sophia.

Mysore Palace in the evening, the official residence and seat of the Wodeyar dynasty, the rulers of Mysore of the Mysore Kingdom, the royal family of Mysore.

The Jain philosophy and literature have contributed immensely to the religious and cultural landscape of Karnataka.

The monolith of Gomateshwara Bahubali at Shravanabelagola is the tallest sculpted monolith in the world, attracting tens of thousands of pilgrims during the Mahamastakabhisheka festival.

The 65 ft high Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola, Karnataka, India, was built in 983 A.D.

Bahubali

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Sculpture depicting Bahubali's meditation in Kayotsarga posture with vines enveloped around his body (Photo: Badami caves)

Bahubali monolith of Gommatagiri, Mysore

28 ft-high monolith of Bahubali at Kumbhoj

Bahubali, Metropolitan Museum of Art (6th CE)

Miniature version of the Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola

Bahubali statue at YSR state Archaeology Museum, Hyderabad, 12th century

{{convert|31|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=out}} statue of Bahubali at Bada Gaon

Gomateshwara at Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century

Bahubali at Andimalai Caves, 10th century

Bahubali (One With Strong Arms), a much revered figure among Jains, was the son of Rishabdev (the first tirthankara of Jainism) and the brother of Bharata Chakravartin.

17.4 m (57 feet) at Shravanabelagola in Hassan District in 981 AD

Chavundaraya

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Indian military commander, architect, poet and minister.

Chavundaraya basadi (10th century) on Chandragiri Hill

Gomateshwara monolith at Shravanabelagola (982–983 CE)

Inscribed handwriting (in Kannada characters) of Chavundaraya on Chandragiri hill in Shravanabelagola, Karnataka

A person of many talents, in 982 he commissioned the construction of the monolithic statue of Bahubali, the Gomateshwara, at Shravanabelagola, an important place of pilgrimage for Jainism.

Rashtrakuta dynasty

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Rashtrakuta (IAST: ) (r.

Kashivishvanatha temple at Pattadakal, Karnataka

Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal, Karnataka

A stanza from the 9th century Kannada classic Kavirajamarga, praising the people for their literary skills

Kailasa temple, is one of the largest rock-cut ancient Hindu temples located in Ellora.

The early kings of this dynasty were influenced by Hinduism and the later kings by Jainism.

Indra IV, the last emperor, committed Sallekhana (fasting unto death practised by Jain monks) at Shravanabelagola.

Hoysala Empire

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Kannadiga power originating from the Indian subcontinent that ruled most of what is now Karnataka, India between the 10th and the 14th centuries.

Sala fighting the Lion or Tiger, the emblem of the Hoysala Empire at Belur, Karnataka.

Gajapati pagoda, ca. 10th–13th century CE.

Garuda pillar hero stone (virgal) at Halebidu with old Kannada inscription of about 1220 CE.

Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura, built 1268 CE.

Standing Vishnu as Keshava, 1st quarter of the 12th century, Hoysala period, probably Belur, Karnataka, India

Old Kannada inscription dated to 1182 of King Veera Ballala II at Akkana Basadi, Shravanabelagola.

"Darpanasundari" (lady with a mirror), one of the many madanakai decorating the Chennakeshava Temple, Belur.

Old Kannada inscription (1270 CE) of King Narasimha III at Keshava Temple, Somanathapura.

Vesara style Vimana of the Lakshmi Narasimha temple at Nuggehalli (1246 CE)

Stellate Vimana, at Ishvara Temple (Arasikere) built in 1220 CE

Twin temples (1200 CE) at Mosale, the Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava temple (far)

A sculpture of a dancer on pillar bracket, 1117 CE, (Shilabaalika or Madanika) in the Chennakeshava temple at Belur

Kannada folklore tells a tale of a young man, Sala, who saved his Jain guru, Sudatta, by striking dead a lion or tiger he encountered near the temple of the goddess Vasantika at Angadi, now called Sosevuru.

Two notable locations of Jain worship in the Hoysala territory were Shravanabelagola and Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli.

Medieval stone relief at Digambara pilgrimage site Shravanabelagola, Karnataka. It has been interpreted as Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya, but some disagree.

Chandragupta Maurya

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Ruler of Iron Age South Asia who expanded a geographically-extensive kingdom based in Magadha and founded the Maurya dynasty.

Statue of Shepherd Chandragupta Maurya at Parliament of India

7th-century Bhadrabahu inscription at Shravanabelagola (Sanskrit, Purvahale Kannada script). This is the oldest inscription at the site, and it mentions Bhadrabahu and Prabhacandra. Lewis Rice and Digambara Jains interpret Prabhacandra to be Chandragupta Maurya, while others such as J F Fleet, V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, and Svetambara Jains state this interpretation is wrong.

Chandragupta's guru was Chanakya, with whom he studied as a child and with whose counsel he built the Empire. This image is a 1915 artistic portrait of Chanakya.

Chandragupta had defeated the remaining Macedonian satrapies in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent by 317 BCE.

A modern statue depicting Chandragupta Maurya, Laxminarayan Temple, Delhi

Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant (3rd century BCE)

1,300 years Old Shravanabelagola relief shows death of Chandragupta after taking the vow of Sallekhana. Some consider it about the legend of his arrival with Bhadrabahu.

A statue depicting Chandrgupta Maurya (right) with his spiritual mentor Acharya Bhadrabahu at Shravanabelagola.

Chandragupta Maurya having 16 auspicious dreams in Jainism

The Footprints of Chandragupta Maurya on Chandragiri Hill, where Chandragupta (the unifier of India and founder of the Maurya Dynasty) performed Sallekhana.

Buddhism, Jainism and Ajivika gained prominence alongside Vedic and Brahmanistic traditions, and minority religions such as Zoroastrianism and the Greek pantheon were respected.

7th to 10th century Jain inscriptions at Shravanabelgola; these are disputed by scholars as well as the Svetambara Jain tradition. The second Digambara text interpreted to be mentioning the Maurya emperor is dated to about the 10th-century such as in the Brhatkathakosa of Harisena (Jain monk), while the complete Jain legend about Chandragupta is found in the 12th-century Parisishtaparvan by Hemachandra.

Parshvanatha

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Parshvanatha was born in Varanasi, a historic city on the Ganges.

Parshvanatha and his yaksha, Dharanendra, in the 8th-century Tamil Nadu Kalugumalai Jain Beds

8th-century stone relief of Parshvanatha at Thirakoil

Parshvanatha with Padmavati and Dharnendra in a 16th-century manuscript

Parshvanatha iconography is identified by a sesha hood above his head and a cobra stamped (or carved) beneath his feet. At the center of his chest is a shrivatsa, which identifies Jain statues.

Parsvanatha ayagapata - Jina Parsvanatha, Mathura art, {{circa|15 CE}}.{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=201}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=406}}

alt=Stone relief|Uttar Pradesh, 2nd century (Museum of Oriental Art)

Parshvanath relief of Kahaum pillar, 5th century

alt=Lotus position|5th century (Satna, Madhya Pradesh)

alt=Lotus position|6th century, Uttar Pradesh

alt=Lotus position|7th-century Akota Bronze (Honolulu Museum of Art)

6th-7th century bronze statue in Asian Civilisations Museum

alt=Lotus position|10th-century copper, inlaid with silver and gemstones (LACMA)

alt=Lotus position|11th century, Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum

alt=Lotus position|Karnataka, 12th century (Art Institute of Chicago)

{{convert|61|ft}} colossal at Navagraha Jain Temple

alt=Outdoor standing statue|Vahelna statue

alt=Standing statue in niche|Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola

alt=Standing statue|Parshvanatha temple in Halebidu

Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Pattadakal Jain Temple, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Parshavanth temple, Jaisalmer Fort, UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of Hill Forts of Rajasthan

Parshvanatha basadi at Halebidu: tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site

alt=Godiji Parshwanath (Gori) Temple at Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage|Godiji (Gori) Temple in Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage

Parshvanatha, also known as Parshva and Parasnath, was the 23rd of 24 Tirthankaras (ford-makers or propagators of dharma) of Jainism.

3) An 11th-century Parshvanatha basadi in Shravanabelagola enshrines an 18 ft statue of Parshvanatha in a kayotsarga position.

An image of Ambika in Cave 34 of the Ellora Caves

Ambika (Jainism)

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Ambika as Gullikayi ji in front of Gommateshwara statue

Goddess Ambika sitting on lion and mango tree branch in right arm and her son in left, Royal Ontario Museum, 8th-9th century

Image depicting Goddess Ambika in LACMA, 6th-7th century

Carving of Ambikadevi Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century

Image depicting Goddess Ambika from Karnataka, India, c. 900 CE, Norton Simon Museum

Sculpture of Goddess Ambika, 1034 AD, British Museum

Goddess Ambika in Museum Rietberg, 11th century

Sculpture of Gomedh and Ambika at Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum, 11th century

Sarvanubhuti and Kushmandini with Jinas, 11 century, Art Gallery of New South Wales

Goddess Ambika idol, Victoria and Albert Museum, 1150-1200 AD

Goddess Ambika - Medieval Period (Government Museum, Mathura)

Modern iconography, Shri Munisuvrata-Nemi-Parshva Jinalaya

In Jainism, Ambika (अम्बिका, ଅମ୍ବିକା "Mother") or Ambika Devi (अम्बिका देवी "the Goddess-Mother") is the Yakshini "dedicated attendant deity" or "protector goddess" of the 22nd Tirthankara, Neminatha.

Worship of Kushmandini devi or Ambika is an integral part of Jain rituals in Shravanabelagola.