A report on Jainism and Tirthankara

The hand symbolizes Ahiṃsā, the wheel dharmachakra, the resolve to halt saṃsāra (transmigration).

Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (transmigrating souls) in Jainism

Lord Neminatha, Akota Bronzes (7th century)

Tirthankara images at Siddhachal Caves inside Gwalior Fort.

Jain miniature painting of 24 tirthankaras, Jaipur, c. 1850

Auspicious dreams seen by a tirthankara's mother during pregnancy

Jain temple painting explaining Anekantavada with Blind men and an elephant

Samavasarana of Tirthankara Rishabha (Ajmer Jain temple)

A Jain monk in meditation, wearing the characteristic white robe and face covering

Tirthankars of present, previous and next cosmic ages (72 in total)

Nishidhi stone, depicting the vow of sallekhana, 14th century, Karnataka

Jain chaumukha sculpture at LACMA, 6th century

Praying at the feet of a statue of Bahubali

Jain worship may include ritual offerings and recitals.

Celebrating Das Lakshana (Paryushana), Jain Center of America, New York City

The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c.1375–1400 CE)

A symbol to represent the Jain community was chosen in 1975 as part of the commemoration of the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira’s nirvana.

Rishabhdev, believed to have lived over 592.704×1018 years ago, is considered the traditional founder of Jainism.

The ruins of Gori Jain temples in Nagarparkar, Pakistan, a pilgrimage site before 1947.

Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodbidri, Karnataka

In Jainism, a Tirthankara (Sanskrit: ; English: literally a 'ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma (righteous path).

- Tirthankara

Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four Tirthankaras (supreme preachers of Dharma), with the first in the current time cycle being Rishabhadeva, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago; the twenty-third tirthankara Parshvanatha, whom historians date to 9th century BCE; and the twenty-fourth tirthankara, Mahavira around 600 BCE.

- Jainism

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Depiction of Siddha Shila as per Jain cosmology which is abode of infinite Siddhas

Moksha (Jainism)

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Sanskrit or Prakrit mokkha refers to the liberation or salvation of a soul from saṃsāra, the cycle of birth and death.

Such a soul is called siddha and is revered in Jainism.

When an enlightened human, such as an Arihant or a Tirthankara, extinguishes his remaining aghatiya karmas and thus ends his worldly existence, it is called.

Indra

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Indra (Sanskrit: इन्द्र) isthe king of Devas (gods) and Svarga (heaven) in the Hindu mythology.

Indra on his elephant, guarding the entrance of the 1st century BCE Buddhist Cave 19 at Bhaja Caves (Maharashtra).

Buddhist relief from Loriyan Tangai, showing Indra paying homage to the Buddha at the Indrasala Cave, 2nd century CE, Gandhara.

Banteay Srei temple's pediment carvings depict Indra mounts on Airavata, Cambodia, c. 10th century.

Indra is typically featured as a guardian deity on the east side of a Hindu temple.

Bimaran casket: the Buddha (middle) is flanked by Brahma (left) and Indra, in one of the earliest Buddhist depictions (1st century CE).

Many official seals in southeast Asia feature Indra. Above: seal of Bangkok, Thailand.

Indra is also depicted in Buddhist (Indā in Pali) and Jaina mythologies.

He is also the one who appears with his wife Indrani to celebrate the auspicious moments in the life of a Jain Tirthankara, an iconography that suggests the king and queen of superhumans residing in Svarga (heaven) reverentially marking the spiritual journey of a Jaina.

Rama

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Major deity in Hinduism.

Gold carving depiction of the legendary Ayodhya at the Ajmer Jain temple

Rama is portrayed in Hindu arts and texts as a compassionate person who cares for all living beings.

The Rama story is carved into stone as an 8th-century relief artwork in the largest Shiva temple of the Ellora Caves, suggesting its importance to the Indian society by then.

1870 painting on mica entitled, Incarnation of Vishnu

Rama (left third from top) depicted in the Dashavatara (ten incornations) of Vishnu. Painting from Jaipur, now at the Victoria and Albert Museum.

Rama (Yama) and Sita (Thida) in Yama Zatdaw, the Burmese version of the Ramayana

A 5th century terracotta sculpture depicting Rama

In Northern, Central and Western states of India, the Ramlila play is enacted during Navratri by rural artists (above).

Rama's story is a major part of the artistic reliefs found at Angkor Wat, Cambodia. Large sequences of Ramayana reliefs are also found in Java, Indonesia.

The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Hampi monuments in Karnataka, built by the Vijayanagara Empire, includes a major Rama temple. Its numerous wall reliefs tell the life story of Rama.

Rama Temple at Ramtek (10th century, restored). A medieval inscription here calls Rama as Advaitavadaprabhu or "Lord of the Advaita doctrine".

Rama, along with his younger brother Lakshmana and wife Sita, exiled to the forest.

Ravana's sister Suparnakha attempts to seduce Rama and cheat on Sita. He refuses and spurns her (above).

Ravana kidnapping Sita while Jatayu on the left tried to help her. 9th-century Prambanan bas-relief, Java, Indonesia.

Rama legends are also found in the texts of Jainism and Buddhism, though he is sometimes called Pauma or Padma in these texts, and their details vary significantly from the Hindu versions.

Padmapurana mentions Rama as a contemporary of Munisuvrata, 20th tirthankara of Jainism.

Lotus position

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Cross-legged sitting meditation pose from ancient India, in which each foot is placed on the opposite thigh.

The flower of the sacred lotus, Nelumbo nucifera, grows out of mud, thus symbolising enlightenment.

The sage Bharadvaja meditating in half lotus. 19th century

It is an ancient asana in yoga, predating hatha yoga, and is widely used for meditation in Hindu, Tantra, Jain, and Buddhist traditions.

Shiva, the meditating ascetic God of Hinduism, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, and the Tirthankaras in Jainism have been depicted in the lotus position, especially in statues.

Shrivatsa

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Ancient symbol considered auspicious in Indian religious traditions.

Shrivatsa as Flower-shaped symbol on Jain Tirthankar Rishabhanatha's chest

Flag of Rakhine State, showing the Shrivatsa

Shrivatsa as a triangular mark on right side of Vishnu's chest

In Jain iconography, Shrivatsa often marks the chest of the Tirthankara image.