A report on Malaria and Jaundice

Malaria parasite connecting to a red blood cell
Jaundice of the skin caused by pancreatic cancer
Main symptoms of malaria
A 4-year-old boy with icteric sclera due to G6PD deficiency
The life cycle of malaria parasites. Sporozoites are introduced by a mosquito bite. They migrate to the liver, where they multiply into thousands of merozoites. The merozoites infect red blood cells and replicate, infecting more and more red blood cells. Some parasites form gametocytes, which are taken up by a mosquito, continuing the life cycle.
Types of jaundice
Micrograph of a placenta from a stillbirth due to maternal malaria. H&E stain. Red blood cells are anuclear; blue/black staining in bright red structures (red blood cells) indicate foreign nuclei from the parasites.
Microscopy of a biopsy of a cholestatic liver showing bilirubin pigment (brown pigment), H&E stain
Electron micrograph of a Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell (center), illustrating adhesion protein "knobs"
The blood film is the gold standard for malaria diagnosis.
Biliary-tract dilation due to obstruction as seen on CT scan (frontal plane)
Ring-forms and gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in human blood
Biliary-tract dilation due to obstruction as seen on CT scan (axial plane)
An Anopheles stephensi mosquito shortly after obtaining blood from a human (the droplet of blood is expelled as a surplus). This mosquito is a vector of malaria, and mosquito control is an effective way of reducing its incidence.
Man spraying kerosene oil in standing water, Panama Canal Zone, 1912
Walls where indoor residual spraying of DDT has been applied. The mosquitoes remain on the wall until they fall down dead on the floor.
A mosquito net in use.
An advertisement for quinine as a malaria treatment from 1927.
Deaths due to malaria per million persons in 2012
Past and current malaria prevalence in 2009
Ancient malaria oocysts preserved in Dominican amber
British doctor Ronald Ross received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on malaria.
Chinese medical researcher Tu Youyou received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2015 for her work on the antimalarial drug artemisinin.
Artemisia annua, source of the antimalarial drug artemisinin
U.S. Marines with malaria in a field hospital on Guadalcanal, October 1942
Members of the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations collecting larvae on the Danube delta, 1929
1962 Pakistani postage stamp promoting malaria eradication program
Malaria clinic in Tanzania
Child with malaria in Ethiopia
World War II poster
Disability-adjusted life year for malaria per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 no data <10 0–100 100–500 500–1000 1000–1500 1500–2000 2000–2500 2500–2750 2750–3000 3000–3250 3250–3500 ≥3500

In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death.

- Malaria

Severe malaria (in endemic countries)

- Jaundice
Malaria parasite connecting to a red blood cell

3 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Figure shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin.

Hemolytic anemia

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Form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells , either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular).

Form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells , either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular).

Figure shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin.

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to other forms of anemia (fatigue and shortness of breath), but in addition, the breakdown of red cells leads to jaundice and increases the risk of particular long-term complications, such as gallstones and pulmonary hypertension.

Acquired hemolytic anemia is also encountered in burns and as a result of certain infections (e.g. malaria).

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

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Most common enzyme deficiency worldwide, is an inborn error of metabolism that predisposes to red blood cell breakdown.

Most common enzyme deficiency worldwide, is an inborn error of metabolism that predisposes to red blood cell breakdown.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
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Following a specific trigger, symptoms such as yellowish skin, dark urine, shortness of breath, and feeling tired may develop.

A side effect of this disease is that it confers protection against malaria, in particular the form of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly form of malaria.

Peripheral blood film from a person with delta-beta thalassemia

Thalassemia

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Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by decreased hemoglobin production.

Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by decreased hemoglobin production.

Peripheral blood film from a person with delta-beta thalassemia
Left: Hand of a person with severe anemia. Right: Hand of a person without anemia.
Thalassemia has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.

There may also be bone problems, an enlarged spleen, yellowish skin, and dark urine.

Those who have minor degrees of thalassemia, similar to those with sickle-cell trait, have some protection against malaria, explaining why they are more common in regions of the world where malaria exists.