Jhelum River and Related Topics

Punjab

6 links

Geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India.

Taxila in Pakistan is a World Heritage Site

Menander I Soter (165/155 – 130 BCE), conqueror of the Punjab, carved out a Greek kingdom in the Punjab and ruled the Punjab until his death in 130BC.

A section of the Lahore Fort built by the Mughal emperor Akbar

Dominant Mother Tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

The word pañjāb thus means 'The Land of Five Waters', referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.

Indus River

7 links

Transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.

The course of the Indus in the disputed Kashmir region; the river flows through Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan, administered respectively by India and Pakistan

The major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization fl 2600–1900 BCE in Pakistan, India and Afghanistan

Confluence of Indus and Zanskar rivers. The Indus is at the left of the picture, flowing left-to-right; the Zanskar, carrying more water, comes in from the top of the picture.

Skyline of Sukkur along the shores of the Indus River

The Indus River near Skardu, in Gilgit–Baltistan.

Lansdowne Bridge and Ayub Bridge connecting the cities of Rohri and Sukkur in Sindh, Pakistan.

Its left-bank tributary in Ladakh is the Zanskar River, and its left-bank tributary in the plains is the Panjnad River which is formed by the successive confluences of the five Punjab rivers, namely the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers.

Punjab, Pakistan

5 links

One of the four provinces of Pakistan.

Punjab was part of the Vedic Civilization

Location of Punjab, Pakistan and the extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation sites in and around it

Modern painting of Bulleh Shah (1680–1757), a Punjabi Muslim Sufi poet who has hugely impacted the region

Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s court at Lahore Fort, by August Schoefft

The Faisalabad Clock Tower was built during the rule of the British Empire

Punjab features mountainous terrain near the hill station of Murree.

The route from Dera Ghazi Khan to Fort Munro

A demonstration by Punjabis at Lahore, Pakistan, demanding to make Punjabi as official language of instruction in schools of the Punjab.

Main entrance to The university of Sargodha

Government college for Women, Rawalpindi

Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, Multan (1320 AD)

Punjab is famous for various shrines of Sufi saints and Data durbar in particular

Badshahi Mosque, built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb at Lahore

Camel saddle created in Multan or in other parts of Pakistan. It is very different from Multani Khussa

Matki earthen pot, a clay vase exhibition

Lahore Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Katas Raj Temples (Sardar of Hari Singh's Haveli)

Clock Tower at Govt College University, Lahore

Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Auditorium in Faisalabad

A view of Murree, a famous hill station of Punjab

Different shapes of clay pots mostly made in Gujrat

Tilla Jogian Jhelum, scenic peak in Punjab considered sacred by Hindus

The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as King Porus, who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great in 326 BCE near the river Jhelum.

Azad Kashmir

5 links

Region administered by Pakistan as a nominally self-governing entity and constituting the western portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947.

Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification

A 1946 map of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir; present-day Azad Kashmir constitutes areas of the three western-most districts

Muzaffarabad, the capital city of Azad Kashmir

Neelum Valley is a tourist destination in Azad Kashmir.

Mirpur University of Science and Technology

During the summer season, monsoon floods of the rivers Jhelum and Leepa are common due to extreme rains and snow melting.

Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)

5 links

Region administered by India as a union territory and consisting of the southern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and between India and China since 1962.

Topographic map of Jammu and Kashmir, with visible altitude for the Kashmir valley and Jammu region.

A high-altitude alpine lake in the Himalayan range in Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir union territory (J and K) is bordered in carmine colour. Ladakh union territory (L) is bordered in blue colour.

The Jammu and Kashmir High Court on postal stamps of India

Apples of Kashmir are famous for their taste

Boteh from an Antique Kashmiri Dochalla Shawl

Inauguration of the first Khelo India Winter Games

This valley has an average height of 1850 m above sea-level, but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of 10000 ft. The Jhelum River is the major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley.

Alexander riding Bucephalus on a Roman mosaic

Alexander the Great

6 links

King of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

Alexander III riding Bucephalus on a Roman mosaic

Map of The Kingdom of Macedon in 336 BC, birthplace of Alexander

Roman medallion depicting Olympias, Alexander's mother

Archaeological Site of Pella, Greece, Alexander's birthplace

Philip II of Macedon, Alexander's father

Battle plan from the Battle of Chaeronea

Pausanius assassinates Philip II, Alexander's father, during his procession into the theatre

The emblema of the Stag Hunt Mosaic, c. 300 BC, from Pella; the figure on the right is possibly Alexander the Great due to the date of the mosaic along with the depicted upsweep of his centrally-parted hair (anastole); the figure on the left wielding a double-edged axe (associated with Hephaistos) is perhaps Hephaestion, one of Alexander's loyal companions.

The Macedonian phalanx at the "Battle of the Carts" against the Thracians in 335 BC

Gérard Audran after Charles LeBrun, 'Alexander Entering Babylon,' original print first published 1675, engraving, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC.

Alexander Cuts the Gordian Knot (1767) by Jean-Simon Berthélemy

Name of Alexander the Great in Egyptian hieroglyphs (written from right to left), c. 332 BC, Egypt. Louvre Museum.

Site of the Persian Gate in modern-day Iran; the road was built in the 1990s.

Administrative document from Bactria dated to the seventh year of Alexander's reign (324 BC), bearing the first known use of the "Alexandros" form of his name, Khalili Collection of Aramaic Documents

The Killing of Cleitus, by André Castaigne (1898–1899)

Silver tetradrachm of Alexander the Great found in Byblos (ca 330-300 bc.) (BnF 1998–859; 17,33g; Byblos, Price 3426b)

The Phalanx Attacking the Centre in the Battle of the Hydaspes by André Castaigne (1898–1899)

Alexander's invasion of the Indian subcontinent

Asia in 323 BC, the Nanda Empire and the Gangaridai of the Indian subcontinent, in relation to Alexander's Empire and neighbours

Alexander (left) and Hephaestion (right): Both were connected by a tight friendship

Alexander at the Tomb of Cyrus the Great, by Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes (1796)

A Babylonian astronomical diary (c. 323–322 BC) recording the death of Alexander (British Museum, London)

19th-century depiction of Alexander's funeral procession, based on the description by Diodorus Siculus

Detail of Alexander on the Alexander Sarcophagus

Kingdoms of the Diadochi in 301 BC: the Ptolemaic Kingdom (dark blue), the Seleucid Empire (yellow), Kingdom of Pergamon (orange), and Kingdom of Macedon (green). Also shown are the Roman Republic (light blue), the Carthaginian Republic (purple), and the Kingdom of Epirus (red).

A coin of Alexander the Great struck by Balakros or his successor Menes, both former somatophylakes (bodyguards) of Alexander, when they held the position of satrap of Cilicia in the lifetime of Alexander, circa 333-327 BC. The obverse shows Heracles, ancestor of the Macedonian royal line and the reverse shows a seated Zeus Aëtophoros.

Alexander (left), wearing a kausia and fighting an Asiatic lion with his friend Craterus (detail); late 4th century BC mosaic, Pella Museum

A Roman copy of an original 3rd century BC Greek bust depicting Alexander the Great, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen

A mural in Pompeii, depicting the marriage of Alexander to Barsine (Stateira) in 324 BC; the couple are apparently dressed as Ares and Aphrodite.

The Hellenistic world view: world map of Eratosthenes (276–194 BC), using information from the campaigns of Alexander and his successors

Dedication of Alexander the Great to Athena Polias at Priene, now housed in the British Museum

Alexander's empire was the largest state of its time, covering approximately 5.2 million square km.

The Buddha, in Greco-Buddhist style, 1st to 2nd century AD, Gandhara, northern Pakistan. Tokyo National Museum.

This medallion was produced in Imperial Rome, demonstrating the influence of Alexander's memory. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore.

Alexander in a 14th-century Armenian manuscript

Alexander in a 14th-century Byzantine manuscript

Alexander conquering the air. Jean Wauquelin, Les faits et conquêtes d'Alexandre le Grand, 1448–1449

Folio from the Shahnameh showing Alexander praying at the Kaaba, mid-16th century

Detail of a 16th-century Islamic painting depicting Alexander being lowered in a glass submersible

A Hellenistic bust of a young Alexander the Great, possibly from Ptolemaic Egypt, 2nd-1st century BC, now in the British Museum

A fresco depicting a hunt scene at the tomb of Philip II, Alexander's father, at the Archaeological Site of Aigai, the only known depiction of Alexander made during his lifetime, 330s BC

Omphis (Indian name Ambhi), the ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied, but the chieftains of some hill clans, including the Aspasioi and Assakenoi sections of the Kambojas (known in Indian texts also as Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas), refused to submit.

Kashmir

6 links

Northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.

Nanga Parbat in Kashmir, the ninth-highest mountain on Earth, is the western anchor of the Himalayas

Map of India in 1823, showing the territories of the Sikh empire (northermost, in green) including the region of Kashmir

1909 Map of the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu. The names of regions, important cities, rivers, and mountains are underlined in red.

The prevailing religions by district in the 1901 Census of the Indian Empire

A white border painted on a suspended bridge delineates Azad Kashmir from Jammu and Kashmir

K2, a peak in the Karakoram range, is the second highest mountain in the world

Large Kashmir Durbar Carpet (detail), 2021 photo. "Durbar", in this context, means Royal or Chiefly.

A Muslim shawl-making family shown in Cashmere shawl manufactory, 1867, chromolithograph, William Simpson

A group of Pandits, or Brahmin priests, in Kashmir, photographed by an unknown photographer in the 1890s

Brokpa women from Kargil, northern Ladakh, in local costumes

Kashmir is traversed by three rivers namely Indus, Jehlum and Chenab.

Battle of the Hydaspes

5 links

Fought between Alexander the Great and King Porus in 326 BC.

Alexander's crossing of the Hydaspes River.

Porus awaits the attack of Alexander July 326 BC.

Combined attack of cavalry and infantry.

An imagined Indian war elephant against Alexander's army, by Johannes van den Avele

A painting by Charles Le Brun depicting Alexander and Porus during the Battle of the Hydaspes.

It took place on the banks of the Jhelum River (known to the ancient Greeks as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan).

Porus

4 links

Surrender of Porus to Alexander, 1865 engraving by Alonzo Chappel.

Porus or Poros ( Pôros; 326–321 BC) was an ancient Indian king, whose territory spanned the region between the Jhelum River (Hydaspes) and Chenab River (Acesines), in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.