Jiang Zemin and Related Topics

Chinese Communist Party

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Founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Site of the first CCP Congress, in the former Shanghai French Concession

Flag of the HistoryChinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army

Mao Zedong declared the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949.

Chinese communists celebrate Joseph Stalin's birthday, 1949.

A temporary monument displayed in Changsha, Hunan Province, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the CCP's founding

A monument dedicated to Karl Marx (left) and Friedrich Engels (right) in Shanghai

A billboard advertising Xi Jinping Thought in Shenzhen, Guangdong

The 18th National Congress, convened in November 2012

Front cover of the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party

Xi Jinping (second from left) with Enrique Peña Nieto (second from right), the former President of Mexico and a leading member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party

CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin succeeded Deng as paramount leader in the 1990s and continued most of his policies.

Deng Xiaoping was the paramount leader of China.

1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

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The Tiananmen Square protests, known in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square, Beijing during 1989.

Han Dongfang, founder of the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation

A photo of Pu Zhiqiang, a student protester at Tiananmen, taken on 10 May 1989. The Chinese words written on the paper say: "We want the freedom of newspapers, freedom of associations, also to support the 'World Economic Herald', and support those just journalists."

Wen Jiabao, then chief of the Party's General Office, accompanied Zhao Ziyang to meet with students in the Square, surviving the political purge of the party's liberals and later serving as Premier from 2003 to 2013.

The Type 59 main battle tank, here on display at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution in western Beijing, was deployed by the People's Liberation Army on June 3, 1989.

Type 63 armored personnel carrier deployed by the People's Liberation Army in Beijing in 1989

Unlike the 1976 Tiananmen Incident, which did not involve the military, in 1989 soldiers were armed with the Type 56 assault rifle (above), a variant of the AKS-47 (below) and fired live ammunition at civilians.

A burned vehicle in Zhongguancun Street in Beijing.

A replica of Goddess of Democracy outside of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada

Jiang Zemin, the party secretary of Shanghai, where student protests were subdued largely without violence, was promoted to succeed Zhao Ziyang as the party General Secretary in 1989.

Monument in Memory of Chinese from Tiananmen in Wrocław, Poland, depicting a destroyed bicycle and a tank track as a symbol of the Tiananmen Square protests. The security service destroyed the original monument the day after it was unveiled in 1989. It was recreated in 1999.

Candlelight vigil in Hong Kong in 2009 on the 20th anniversary of the June 4th incident

Pillar of Shame in the University of Hong Kong in 2020

People protesting near the Monument to the People's Heroes.

A banner in support of the June Fourth Student Movement in Shanghai Fashion Store (formerly the Xianshi Company Building)

Mourning banners hung near the South Gate of Beijing University taken a few days after the crackdown.

Jiang Zemin, then–Municipal Party Secretary, addressed the student protesters in a bandage and "expressed his understanding", as he was a student agitator before 1949.

Retired Chinese politician who served as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 2002 to 2012, President of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 2003 to 2013, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) from 2004 to 2012.

Hu Jintao with Leaders of the BRICS countries, from left, Singh, Medvedev, Rousseff and Zuma in April 2011

Hu with George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush in Beijing, 10 August 2008

Hu talks with U.S. President Barack Obama at the 2009 Pittsburgh G-20 Summit

He moved up to First Secretary of the CCP Central Secretariat and Vice-president under Jiang Zemin.

Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

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Committee consisting of the top leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

In the aftermath, Zhao and Hu Qili were removed from the PSC at the Fourth Plenum in 1989, largely by fiat of Deng and the elders rather than institutional procedure, to be replaced by Jiang Zemin and Li Ruihuan.

Deng Xiaoping

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Chinese revolutionary leader, military commander and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from December 1978 to 1992.

Deng's name is spelled Teng Hi Hien on this employment card from the Hutchinson shoe factory in Châlette-sur-Loing, France, where he worked on two occasions as seen from the dates, eight months in 1922 and again in 1923 when he was fired after one month, with the bottom annotation reading "refused to work, do not take him back"

Deng Xiaoping with He Long (middle) and Zhu De (right) (1949)

Deng Xiaoping (left) met with the 14th Dalai Lama (right) in 1954

Deng Xiaoping (left) with future president Li Xiannian (center) and Premier Zhou Enlai in 1963

Deng Xiaoping (centre) with U.S. president Gerald Ford (left), 1975

Deng Xiaoping (left) and his wife Zhuo Lin (right) are briefed by Johnson Space Center director Christopher C. Kraft (extreme right)

Deng Xiaoping billboard in Lizhi Park, Shenzhen, one of China's first special economic zones and is regarded as China's Silicon Valley

A model reconstruction of Deng Xiaoping's 1984 meeting with UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Shenzhen

A patrol boat in use during Deng Xiaoping's southern tour of 1992

Deng Xiaoping's ashes lie in state in Beijing whose banner reads "Memorial Service of Comrade Deng Xiaoping", February 1997

Deng Xiaoping billboard in Shenzhen, Guangdong

Deng Xiaoping billboard in Qingdao, Shandong

Deng Xiaoping billboard in Dujiangyan, Sichuan

Deng Xiaoping billboard in Lijiang, Yunnan

Officially, Deng decided to retire from top positions when he stepped down as Chairman of the Central Military Commission in November 1989 and his successor Jiang Zemin became the new Chairman of Central Military Commission.

Xi Jinping

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Chinese politician who has been serving as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) since 2012, and President of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 2013.

Xi Jinping greeting U.S. President George W. Bush in August 2008.

Xi Jinping with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on 28 September 2010.

Portrait of Xi in Beijing, September 2015

Holographic portraits of Mao Zedong and Xi Jinping in a shop in China

Xi giving a speech at the U.S. Department of State in 2012, with then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then Vice-President Joe Biden in the background. Seated in the front row is former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.

BRICS leaders Vladimir Putin, Narendra Modi, Dilma Rousseff, Xi Jinping and Jacob Zuma at the G20 summit in Brisbane, Australia, 15 November 2014

Xi with the first lady during the Moscow Victory Day Parade on 9 May 2015

Xi with Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, 23 January 2016

U.S. President Donald Trump arrives in China, 8 November 2017

Xi in an official visit to Warsaw, where he and Poland's President Andrzej Duda signed a declaration on strategic partnership

Xi, who was on a four-day state visit to the UK, addressed both Houses of Parliament at Westminster, 21 October 2015

World leaders assemble for 'family photo' at G20 summit in Hamburg

Countries that signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative

According to the Qiushi, the Chinese Dream is about Chinese prosperity, collective effort, socialism, and national glory.

A billboard promoting Xi Jinping Thought in Shenzhen

The Governance of China in different languages presented at Shanghai Library

Hong Kong protesters throw eggs at Xi Jinping's portrait on National Day

Xi Jinping met with then-Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou in November 2015 in their capacity as the leader of mainland China and Taiwan respectively.

Xi Jinping, Peng Liyuan and U.S. President Barack Obama in the Lincoln Bedroom

Italian President Sergio Mattarella with Chinese President Xi Jinping in March 2019

Russian President Vladimir Putin held talks in Beijing with General Secretary of the Communist Party and President of China Xi Jinping, 2022

In February 2000, he and then-provincial Party Secretary Chen Mingyi were called before the top members of PSC – General Secretary Jiang Zemin, Premier Zhu Rongji, Vice-President Hu Jintao and Discipline Inspection Secretary Wei Jianxing – to explain aspects of the Yuanhua scandal.

Paramount leader

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Informal term for the most prominent political leader in China.

The term has been used less frequently to describe Deng's successors, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping, who have all formally held the offices of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (party leader), President of the People's Republic of China (head of state) and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (commander-in-chief).

Zhao (top left) pictured with Mao Zedong in Wuhan, January 1966

Zhao Ziyang

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Chinese politician.

Zhao was hosted by US president Ronald Reagan at the White House on 10 January 1984 as part of a broader effort to improve China's relations with the West.

Zhao Ziyang's final burial site in 2019, with his son on the right.

Following Zhao's dismissal, Jiang Zemin replaced Zhao as General Secretary of the CCP and successor of Deng Xiaoping.

Zhu Rongji

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Zhu (second left) leading the Chinese delegation at the European Management Forum in 1986

Zhu Rongji (IPA: ; born 23 October 1928) is a retired Chinese politician who served as Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1998 to 2003 along with China's paramount leader Jiang Zemin.

Chinese economic reform

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Program of economic reforms termed "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "socialist market economy" in the People's Republic of China .

Hu Yaobang, then General Secretary of CCP, played an important role in implementing the reforms together with Zhao Ziyang, then Premier of China.

Shenzhen, one of the first special economic zones of China and the "Silicon Valley of China". Notable high-tech companies such as Huawei, ZTE and Konka were all founded in Shenzhen in the 1980s.

The slogan "Time is money, Efficiency is life" from Shekou, Shenzhen, representing the "Shenzhen speed".

The Lujiazui financial district of Pudong, Shanghai, the financial and commercial hub of modern China

China's nominal GDP trend from 1952 to 2015. Note the rapid increase since reform in the late 1970s.

Gini-coefficient of national income distribution around the world (dark green: <0.25, red: >0.60)

Production of wheat from 1961 to 2004. Data from FAO, year 2005. Y-axis: Production in metric ton.

Global distribution of Chinese exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market

Discussion of "China's Next Global Agenda" during the World Economic Forum (2013).

Roberto Azevêdo, Director-General of WTO, met with China's Minister of Commerce Gao Hucheng in Qingdao (2014).

Development trends of Chinese and Indian GDP (1950–2010)

Air pollution has become a major environmental issue in China resulting from the economic development. (The picture shows thick haze in Lujiazui of Shanghai)

Global CO2 gas emissions by country (2015).

Chen's theories supported the efforts of Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao to use state power to provide boundaries for the operation of the market, and to mediate the damage that capitalism can do to those who find it difficult to benefit from the free market.

A report on Jiang Zemin

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