A report on Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet, Liu Shaoqi, Lin Biao and Long March

A Hawker Siddeley Trident, similar to the aircraft involved.

Overview map of the route of the Long March
Light red areas show Communist enclaves. Areas marked by a blue "X" were overrun by Kuomintang forces during the Fourth Encirclement Campaign, forcing the Fourth Red Army (north) and the Second Red Army (south) to retreat to more western enclaves (dotted lines). The dashed line is the route of the First Red Army from Jiangxi. The withdrawal of all three Red Armies ends in the northeast enclave of Shaanxi.

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek encircled the Communists in Jiangxi in 1934.

Map drawn by the Red Army Command before the Battle of Xiangjiang

Lin Biao with wife Ye Qun and their children

Liu Shaoqi in June 1966, the first year of the Cultural Revolution

Tiger Leaping Gorge in the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain massif of western Yunnan province

Liu Shaoqi being subjected to public humiliation at a rally during the Cultural Revolution

Lin as commander-in-chief of the Manchurian Field Army (~1947–1948)

A Communist leader addressing Long March survivors

On 1 October 1959, Lin Biao, as defense minister, surveyed the honor guards at the military parade celebrating the 10th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Lin Biao's calligraphy in the Summer Palace, 1966

Lin Biao (right), Mao Zedong (center) and Zhou Enlai, waving copies of the Little Red Book, at Tiananmen, during the Cultural Revolution (1967)

Lin Biao reading the Little Red Book. This is the last photo of him ever taken (1971)

Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Airport, provenance of the aircraft

Graffiti with Lin Biao's foreword to Mao's Little Red Book. Lin's name (lower right) was later scratched out, presumably after his death.

This last campaign in 1934-35 precipitated the most famous of the grand retreats known collectively as the Long March.

- Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet

1931: Unofficial founding of the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet by Mao Zedong and Zhu De.

- Long March

Later in 1932, he left Shanghai and traveled to the Jiangxi Soviet.

- Liu Shaoqi

He accompanied the Long March in 1934 at least as far as the crucial Zunyi Conference, but was then sent to the so-called "White Areas" (areas controlled by the Kuomintang) to reorganize underground activities in northern China, centered around Beijing and Tianjin.

- Liu Shaoqi

Following the failure of the revolt, Lin escaped to the remote Communist base areas, and joined Mao Zedong and Zhu De in the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet in 1928.

- Lin Biao

After the Communists finally resolved to abandon their base, later in 1934, Lin continued his position as one of the most successful commanders in the Red Army during the Long March.

- Lin Biao

Liu was labeled as a "traitor" and "the biggest capitalist roader in the Party"; he was displaced as Party Deputy Chairman by Lin Biao in July 1966.

- Liu Shaoqi

Commander: Lin Biao

- Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet

Director of the Political Directorate: Liu Shaoqi

- Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet

Other survivors of the March also went on to become prominent party leaders well into the 1990s, including Zhu De, Lin Biao, Liu Shaoqi, Dong Biwu, Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian, Yang Shangkun, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping.

- Long March

After Mao's second-in-command, President Liu Shaoqi, was denounced as a "capitalist roader" in 1966, Lin Biao emerged as the most likely candidate to replace Liu as Mao's successor.

- Lin Biao

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Mao Zedong

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Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which he led as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from the establishment of the PRC in 1949 until his death in 1976.

Mao Zedong's childhood home in Shaoshan, in 2010, by which time it had become a tourist destination

Students in Beijing rallying during the May Fourth Movement

Location of the first Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in July 1921, in Xintiandi, former French Concession, Shanghai

Mao Zedong around the time of his work at Guangzhou's PMTI in 1925

Third Plenum of the KMT Central Executive Committee in March 1927. Mao is third from the right in the second row.

Flag of the HistoryChinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army

Chinese Communist revolutionaries in the 1920s

Military parade on the occasion of the founding of a Chinese Soviet Republic in 1931

Zhang Guotao (left) and Mao Zedong in Yan'an, 1937

In an effort to defeat the Japanese, Mao (left) agreed to collaborate with Chiang (right).

PLA troops, supported by captured M5 Stuart light tanks, attacking the Nationalist lines in 1948

Mao Zedong declares the founding of the modern People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949

Mao with his fourth wife, Jiang Qing, called "Madame Mao", 1946

Mao at Joseph Stalin's 70th birthday celebration in Moscow, December 1949

Mao and Zhou Enlai meeting with Dalai Lama (right) and Panchen Lama (left) to celebrate Tibetan New Year, Beijing, 1955

Photo of Mao Zedong sitting, published in "Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung", ca. 1955

Mao with Nikita Khrushchev, Ho Chi Minh and Soong Ching-ling during a state dinner in Beijing, 1959

Early in the Great Leap Forward, commune members were encouraged to eat their fill in communal canteens, but many canteens shut down as they ran out of food and fuel.

Mao with Henry Kissinger and Zhou Enlai, Beijing, 1972

U.S. President Gerald Ford watches as Henry Kissinger shakes hands with Mao during their visit to China, December 2, 1975

A public appearance of Chairman Mao and Lin Biao among Red Guards, in Beijing, during the Cultural Revolution (November 1966)

Statue of young Mao in Changsha, the capital of Hunan

In 1978, the classroom of a kindergarten in Shanghai putting up portraits of then- Chairman Hua Guofeng and former Chairman Mao Zedong

Mao greets U.S. President Richard Nixon during his visit to China in 1972.

Mao with Jiang Qing and daughter Li Na in the 1940s

Mao Zedong with his nephew Mao Yuanxin, and daughters Li Min (second from left) and Li Na

Mao's calligraphy: a bronze plaque of a poem by Li Bai. (Chinese: 白帝城毛澤東手書李白詩銅匾 )

During the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the CCP, Mao helped to found the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, led the Jiangxi Soviet's radical land policies, and ultimately became head of the CCP during the Long March.

Liu Shaoqi and Li Lisan and Mao not only mobilised the miners, but formed schools and cooperatives and engaged local intellectuals, gentry, military officers, merchants, Red Gang dragon heads and even church clergy.

Wandering the countryside, Mao's forces came across a CCP regiment led by General Zhu De and Lin Biao; they united, and attempted to retake Jinggangshan.