A report on John Adams

John Adams by Gilbert Stuart c. undefined 1800–1815
Adams's birthplace now in Quincy, Massachusetts
Boston Massacre of 1770 by Alonzo Chappel
John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence depicts the Committee of Five presenting its draft to Congress. Adams is depicted in the center with his hand on his hip.
The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's Independence Hall, where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence
Adams frequently clashed with Benjamin Franklin over how to manage French relations.
Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West (Adams in front).
Adams – 1785 Mather Brown Portrait
Portrait of Adams by John Trumbull, 1793
Portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, 1795. Washington rarely consulted Vice President Adams, who often felt marginalized and overshadowed by Washington's prestige.
1796 presidential election results
President's House, Philadelphia. Adams occupied this Philadelphia mansion from March 1797 to May 1800.
A political cartoon depicts the XYZ Affair – America is a female being plundered by Frenchmen. (1798)
Thomas Jefferson, Adams's vice president, attempted to undermine many of his actions as president and eventually defeated him for reelection.
Alexander Hamilton's desire for high military rank and his push for war with France put him into conflict with Adams.
1800 presidential election results
John Marshall, 4th Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and one of Adams's few dependable allies
John Adams, c. 1816, by Samuel Morse (Brooklyn Museum)
Tombs of John and Abigail Adams (far) and John Quincy and Louisa Adams (near), in family crypt at United First Parish Church
Peacefield - John Adams' Home
Thoughts on Government (1776)
John Adams by Gilbert Stuart (1823). This portrait was the last made of Adams, done at the request of John Quincy.

American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801.

- John Adams
John Adams by Gilbert Stuart c. undefined 1800–1815

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Portrait by Charles Willson Peale, c. 1818

Benjamin Rush

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Founding Father of the United States who signed the United States Declaration of Independence, and a civic leader in Philadelphia, where he was a physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian, educator, and the founder of Dickinson College.

Founding Father of the United States who signed the United States Declaration of Independence, and a civic leader in Philadelphia, where he was a physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian, educator, and the founder of Dickinson College.

Portrait by Charles Willson Peale, c. 1818
Coat of Arms of Benjamin Rush
The birthplace of Benjamin Rush, photographed in 1959.
The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton, January 3, 1777 by John Trumbull, Dr. Benjamin Rush and General George Washington enter from the background, with Captain William Leslie, shown on the right, mortally wounded
Ticket to a lecture given by Penn Medical School Professor Benjamin Rush
Dr. Benjamin Rush painted by Charles Willson Peale, 1783
"The Moral Thermometer." from Benjamin Rush's An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Body and the Mind. Boston: Thomas and Andrews, 1790 (Library Company of Philadelphia)
Julia Stockton Rush, painted by Charles Willson Peale
Statue of Benjamin Rush on "Navy Hill" which is, due to security, in a section of Washington, DC inaccessible to tourists and foot traffic

Ten days later, Rush wrote to John Adams relaying complaints inside Washington's army, including about "bad bread, no order, universal disgust" and praising Conway, who had been appointed to inspector general.

Portrait by John Vanderlyn, 1802

Aaron Burr

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American politician and lawyer who served as the third vice president of the United States from 1801 to 1805.

American politician and lawyer who served as the third vice president of the United States from 1801 to 1805.

Portrait by John Vanderlyn, 1802
Burr's maternal grandfather Jonathan Edwards
The Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec, December 31, 1775, oil on canvas by John Trumbull, 1786
Aaron Burr and Theodosia Bartow Prevost, portrait by Henry Benbridge
Burr c. 1793
Burr, Hamilton, and Philip Schuyler strolling on Wall Street
Bust of Aaron Burr as Vice President
Early twentieth-century illustration of Burr (right) dueling with Hamilton
The site of Burr's capture in Alabama
St. James Hotel, Burr's final home and place of death, in a late 19th-century photograph (Staten Island Historical Society)
Burr's death mask
Burr's burial site
Aaron Burr and his daughter Theodosia
Nathalie de Lage de Volude
Portrait by John Vanderlyn, 1802

Burr ran for president in the 1796 election and received 30 electoral votes, coming in fourth behind John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Pinckney.

Worcester, Massachusetts

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City in, and county seat of, Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States.

City in, and county seat of, Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States.

History and cornerstone of Worcester, Massachusetts
The Star on the Sidewalk indicates the spot of the first reading in New England of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
Salisbury Mansion, 1772
Three-deckers on Houghton Street
Worcester Common, established in 1669, pictured here in 1907
American Steel & Wire Company, c. 1905, employer of about 5,000
Damage at Assumption College after the 1953 Worcester Tornado
The Hanover Theatre for the Performing Arts reopened in Franklin Square in 2008.
Downtown Worcester, with City Hall (built 1898) at right
Massachusetts Vietnam Veterans' Memorial, erected in 2002
Lincoln Square c. 1912
The Hanover Insurance Group
University of Massachusetts Medical School's Lazare Research Building
Durkin Administration Building
Boynton Hall, 1868, designed by Worcester architect Stephen Earle, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Warner Memorial Theater, opened 1932, designed by Drew Eberson, Worcester Academy
Mechanics Hall concert
Bancroft Tower stands atop Bancroft Hill and was erected in 1900 by Stephen Salisbury III in honor of his childhood friendship with George Bancroft.
Boulevard Diner
Mechanics Hall
The Elm Park Iron Bridge
The Burnside Fountain, also known as the Turtle Boy statue, is a local landmark on the Worcester Common.
The College of the Holy Cross' football team (purple)
Trinity Lutheran Church
Temple Emanuel Sinai
Armenian Church of Our Savior
Union Station, 1911, designed by Watson & Huckel of Philadelphia
Worcester Regional Airport
UMass-Worcester Medical School Hospital
Worcester and the surrounding areas in 2006, looking north from {{convert|3700|ft|m}}. Route 146 can be seen under construction.
Dodge Park
Washburn Shops, 1868
Cristoforo Colombo Park
Cristoforo Colombo Park

Between 1755 and 1758, future U.S. president John Adams worked as a schoolteacher and studied law in Worcester.

Portrait by Nathaniel Jocelyn

Elbridge Gerry

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American Founding Father, politician, and diplomat who served as the fifth vice president of the United States under President James Madison from 1813 until his death in 1814.

American Founding Father, politician, and diplomat who served as the fifth vice president of the United States under President James Madison from 1813 until his death in 1814.

Portrait by Nathaniel Jocelyn
John Adams (portrait by John Trumbull) held Gerry in high regard.
Ann Thompson
Gerry supported economic policies of Federalist Alexander Hamilton (portrait by Ezra Ames).
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand (portrait by François Gérard) insisted Gerry remain in Paris, even after negotiations had failed.
The word "gerrymander" (originally written "Gerry-mander") was used for the first time in the Boston Gazette newspaper on March 26, 1812. Appearing with the term, and helping spread and sustain its popularity, was this political cartoon, which depicts a state senate district in Essex County as a strange animal with claws, wings and a dragon-type head, satirizing the district's odd shape.
Grave of Elbridge Gerry at Congressional Cemetery
Elbridge Gerry House in Marblehead
General George Washington Resigning His Commission, by John Trumbull, shows Gerry standing on the left.

He frequently communicated with other Massachusetts opponents of British policy, including Samuel Adams, John Adams, Mercy Otis Warren, and others.

Joseph Mayhew

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Joseph Mayhew (1709/10 – 1782), eldest son of Deacon Simon and Ruth Mayhew, graduated from Harvard in 1730.

Joseph Mayhew (1709/10 – 1782), eldest son of Deacon Simon and Ruth Mayhew, graduated from Harvard in 1730.

His career included being a tutor of John Adams at Harvard, a Preacher, and Chief Justice of Dukes County, Massachusetts.

Coat of Arms of President John Adams.

Adams political family

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Prominent political family in the United States from the late 18th through the early 20th centuries.

Prominent political family in the United States from the late 18th through the early 20th centuries.

Coat of Arms of President John Adams.

John Adams (1735–1826), second president of the United States, married Abigail Adams (née Smith) (1744–1818).

Old State House in Boston, seat of the General Court, 1713–1798

Massachusetts General Court

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State legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

State legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Old State House in Boston, seat of the General Court, 1713–1798
Chamber of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
The Massachusetts State House, seat of the General Court and the Governor since 1798

Before the adoption of the state constitution in 1780, it was called the Great and General Court, but the official title was shortened by John Adams, author of the state constitution.

Jay Treaty

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1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war, resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , and facilitated ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1792.

1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war, resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , and facilitated ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1792.

John Jay, chief American negotiator
Thomas Jefferson was harshly critical of the treaty.

It was approved in the House of Representatives but defeated in the Senate when Vice President John Adams cast a tie-breaking vote against it.

Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens, a fresco by Raphael.

Natural law

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System of law based on a close observation of human nature, and based on values intrinsic to human nature that can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the express enacted laws of a state or society).

System of law based on a close observation of human nature, and based on values intrinsic to human nature that can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the express enacted laws of a state or society).

Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens, a fresco by Raphael.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Thomas Hobbes
Dr Alberico Gentili, the founder of the science of international law.

Cicero became John Adams's "foremost model of public service, republican virtue, and forensic eloquence."

An artist's depiction of the rebellion: Shays' troops repulsed from the armory at Springfield, Massachusetts in early 1787

Shays' Rebellion

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Armed uprising in Western Massachusetts and Worcester in response to a debt crisis among the citizenry and in opposition to the state government's increased efforts to collect taxes both on individuals and their trades.

Armed uprising in Western Massachusetts and Worcester in response to a debt crisis among the citizenry and in opposition to the state government's increased efforts to collect taxes both on individuals and their trades.

An artist's depiction of the rebellion: Shays' troops repulsed from the armory at Springfield, Massachusetts in early 1787
Populist Governor John Hancock refused to crack down on tax delinquencies and accepted devalued paper currency for debts.
Artist's depiction of protesters watching a debtor in a scuffle with a tax collector by the courthouse at Springfield, Massachusetts. The insurrection was a tax-related rebellion.
Governor James Bowdoin instituted a heavy tax burden and stepped up a collection of back taxes.
Militia general William Shepard defended the Springfield Armory against rebel action.
General Benjamin Lincoln, portrait by Henry Sargent
This monument marks the spot of the final battle of Shays' Rebellion in Sheffield, Massachusetts.
The 1787 Constitutional Convention by Junius Brutus Stearns, 1856
Elbridge Gerry (1861 portrait by James Bogle) opposed the Constitution as drafted, although his reasons for doing so were not strongly influenced by the rebellion.

Even comparatively conservative commentators such as John Adams observed that these levies were "heavier than the People could bear".