A report on John Adams

John Adams by Gilbert Stuart c. undefined 1800–1815
Adams's birthplace now in Quincy, Massachusetts
Boston Massacre of 1770 by Alonzo Chappel
John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence depicts the Committee of Five presenting its draft to Congress. Adams is depicted in the center with his hand on his hip.
The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's Independence Hall, where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence
Adams frequently clashed with Benjamin Franklin over how to manage French relations.
Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West (Adams in front).
Adams – 1785 Mather Brown Portrait
Portrait of Adams by John Trumbull, 1793
Portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, 1795. Washington rarely consulted Vice President Adams, who often felt marginalized and overshadowed by Washington's prestige.
1796 presidential election results
President's House, Philadelphia. Adams occupied this Philadelphia mansion from March 1797 to May 1800.
A political cartoon depicts the XYZ Affair – America is a female being plundered by Frenchmen. (1798)
Thomas Jefferson, Adams's vice president, attempted to undermine many of his actions as president and eventually defeated him for reelection.
Alexander Hamilton's desire for high military rank and his push for war with France put him into conflict with Adams.
1800 presidential election results
John Marshall, 4th Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and one of Adams's few dependable allies
John Adams, c. 1816, by Samuel Morse (Brooklyn Museum)
Tombs of John and Abigail Adams (far) and John Quincy and Louisa Adams (near), in family crypt at United First Parish Church
Peacefield - John Adams' Home
Thoughts on Government (1776)
John Adams by Gilbert Stuart (1823). This portrait was the last made of Adams, done at the request of John Quincy.

American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801.

- John Adams
John Adams by Gilbert Stuart c. undefined 1800–1815

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An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen

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Passed by the 5th Congress.

Passed by the 5th Congress.

It was signed by President John Adams on July 16, 1798.

John Dickinson

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Solicitor and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Wilmington, Delaware, known as the "Penman of the Revolution" for his twelve Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, published individually in 1767 and 1768.

Solicitor and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Wilmington, Delaware, known as the "Penman of the Revolution" for his twelve Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, published individually in 1767 and 1768.

Coat of Arms of John Dickinson
Mary Norris Dickinson and Sallie Dickinson, 1773 portrait by Charles Willson Peale
Dickinson as President of Delaware
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States by Howard Chandler Christy (1940)

John Adams, a fierce advocate for independence and Dickinson's adversary on the floor of Congress, remarked, "Mr. Dickinson's alacrity and spirit certainly become his character and sets a fine example."

Signature page of the Olive Branch Petition, with John Hancock's prominent signature at the top

Olive Branch Petition

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Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775, and signed on July 8 in a final attempt to avoid war between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in America.

Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775, and signed on July 8 in a final attempt to avoid war between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in America.

Signature page of the Olive Branch Petition, with John Hancock's prominent signature at the top

However, a rather small group of delegates led by John Adams believed that war was inevitable, and they decided that the wisest course of action was to remain quiet and wait for the opportune time to rally the people.

Elihu Adams

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Farmer and soldier in the Massachusetts Militia during the American Revolutionary War.

Farmer and soldier in the Massachusetts Militia during the American Revolutionary War.

He was born in Braintree to John Adams, Sr. and Susanna Boylston; his elder brothers were John Adams, the second President of the United States, and Peter Boylston Adams, who also served as a militia captain during the Revolution.

1876 Currier & Ives printing of Washington being promoted to commanding general

Second Continental Congress

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Meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies in America that united in the American Revolutionary War.

Meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies in America that united in the American Revolutionary War.

1876 Currier & Ives printing of Washington being promoted to commanding general
John Trumbull's 1819 painting, Declaration of Independence, depicting the five-man drafting committee presenting the Declaration of Independence to Congress
South facade of Independence Hall (formerly the Pennsylvania Statehouse), Philadelphia, principal meeting site of the Second Continental Congress
1977 13-cent U.S. Postage stamp commemorating the Articles of Confederation bicentennial; the draft was completed in York (formerly York Town), Pennsylvania on November 15, 1777
A five-dollar banknote issued by the Second Continental Congress in 1775.

On May 15, they adopted a more radical preamble to this resolution, drafted by John Adams, which advised throwing off oaths of allegiance and suppressing the authority of the Crown in any colonial government that still derived its authority from the Crown.

Coronation portrait by Allan Ramsay, 1762

George III

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King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820.

King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820.

Coronation portrait by Allan Ramsay, 1762
George (right) with his brother Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, and their tutor, Francis Ayscough, later Dean of Bristol, c. 1749
A pastel portrait of George as Prince of Wales by Jean-Étienne Liotard, 1754
George III by Allan Ramsay, 1762
Bust by John van Nost the younger, 1767
Portrait by Johann Zoffany, 1771
Pulling Down the Statue of George III at Bowling Green, 9 July 1776, William Walcutt (1854)
Portrait by Johann Heinrich von Hurter, 1781 (Royal Collection)
In A new way to pay the National Debt (1786), James Gillray caricatured King George III and Queen Charlotte awash with treasury funds to cover royal debts, with Pitt handing him another money bag.
The Three Youngest Daughters of King George III by John Singleton Copley, c. 1785, depicting: Princesses Mary (left with tambourine), Sophia (upper right), and Amelia (baby).
Gold guinea of George III, 1789
Dunmore's Proclamation, by the King's authority, set free Rebel slaves.
Portrait by Sir William Beechey, 1799/1800
Caricature by James Gillray of George holding Napoleon in the palm of his hand, 1803
In A Kick at the Broad-Bottoms! (1807), James Gillray caricatured George's dismissal of the Ministry of All the Talents.
Engraving by Henry Meyer of George III in later life (1817)
Extract from Observations on the Transit of Venus, a manuscript notebook from the collections of George III, showing George, Charlotte and those attending them.
Coat of arms from 1749 to 1751
Coat of arms from 1751 to 1760 as Prince of Wales
Coat of arms used from 1760 to 1801 as King of Great Britain
Coat of arms used from 1801 to 1816 as King of the United Kingdom
Coat of arms used from 1816 until death, also as King of Hanover

When John Adams was appointed American Minister to London in 1785, George had become resigned to the new relationship between his country and the former colonies.

Portrait by Gilbert Stuart, 1806 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)

Henry Knox

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Senior general of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and was appointed the first Secretary of War under the U.S. Constitution by president George Washington, serving from 1789 to 1794.

Senior general of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and was appointed the first Secretary of War under the U.S. Constitution by president George Washington, serving from 1789 to 1794.

Portrait by Gilbert Stuart, 1806 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)
This 1771 advertisement for Knox's shop was engraved by Nathaniel Hurd.
Newspaper advertisement for Knox's bookshop, Boston, 1771
An ox team hauls cannon toward Boston as part of the 1775-76 "Noble train of artillery"
Men are visible behind Washington working to unload cannon in Thomas Sully's 1819 The Passage of the Delaware (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)
Steel engraving of Henry Knox by Alonzo Chappel
Portrait by Charles Willson Peale, c. undefined 1784 (Philadelphia Museum of Art)

Knox did not have a commission in the army, but John Adams in particular worked in the Second Continental Congress to acquire for him a commission as colonel of the army's artillery regiment.

6th United States Congress

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Meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

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President of the Senate Thomas Jefferson
President pro tempore Samuel Livermore
Speaker of the House Theodore Sedgwick
Senators' party membership by state at the opening of the 6th Congress in March 1799.
2 Democratic-Republicans
1 Democratic-Republican and 1 Federalist
2 Federalists

It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1799, to March 4, 1801, during the last two years of John Adams's presidency.

A British political cartoon depicting the affair: The United States is represented by Columbia, who is being plundered by five Frenchmen, including three characters wearing French cockades, one wearing the Phrygian cap – symbols of revolutionary, republican France. The figures grouped off to the right are other European countries; John Bull, representing Great Britain, sits laughing on the white cliffs of Dover depicted as a hill.

XYZ Affair

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Political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War.

Political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War.

A British political cartoon depicting the affair: The United States is represented by Columbia, who is being plundered by five Frenchmen, including three characters wearing French cockades, one wearing the Phrygian cap – symbols of revolutionary, republican France. The figures grouped off to the right are other European countries; John Bull, representing Great Britain, sits laughing on the white cliffs of Dover depicted as a hill.
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney headed the American commission.
French Foreign Minister Talleyrand
Elbridge Gerry
Jean-Conrad Hottinguer
John Marshall
William Vans Murray

Shortly after assuming office on March 4, 1797, President John Adams learned that Charles Cotesworth Pinckney had been refused as U.S. minister because of the escalating crisis, and that American merchant ships had been seized in the Caribbean.

Writ of assistance

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Written order issued by a court instructing a law enforcement official, such as a sheriff or a tax collector, to perform a certain task.

Written order issued by a court instructing a law enforcement official, such as a sheriff or a tax collector, to perform a certain task.

As a young lawyer John Adams observed the case in the packed courtroom.