John Marshall
American politician and lawyer who served as the fourth chief justice of the United States from 1801 until his death in 1835.
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Judicial review
Process under which executive, legislative and administrative actions are subject to review by the judiciary.
In contrast to legislative supremacy, the idea of separation of powers was first introduced by Montesquieu; it was later institutionalized in the United States by the Supreme Court ruling in Marbury v. Madison under the court of John Marshall.
Federalist Party
Traditionalist conservative party that was the first political party in the United States.
After losing executive power, they decisively shaped Supreme Court policy for another three decades through Chief Justice John Marshall.
Chief Justice of the United States
Chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and the highest-ranking officer of the U.S. federal judiciary.
Additionally, in December 1800, former Chief Justice John Jay was nominated and confirmed to the position a second time but ultimately declined it, opening the way for the appointment of John Marshall.
XYZ Affair
Political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War.
The diplomats, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, were approached through informal channels by agents of the French foreign minister, Talleyrand, who demanded bribes and a loan before formal negotiations could begin.
Marbury v. Madison
Landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws and statutes that they find to violate the Constitution of the United States.
In an opinion written by Chief Justice John Marshall, the Court held firstly that Madison's refusal to deliver Marbury's commission was illegal, and secondly that it was normally proper for a court in such situations to order the government official in question to deliver the commission.
Supreme Court of the United States
Highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States.
The court's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court (1801–1835).
Roger B. Taney
The fifth chief justice of the United States, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864.
In 1835, after Democrats took control of the Senate, Jackson appointed Taney to succeed the late John Marshall on the Supreme Court as Chief Justice.
Commerce Clause
Enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution .
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) that the power to regulate interstate commerce also included the power to regulate interstate navigation: "Commerce, undoubtedly is traffic, but it is something more—it is intercourse.... [A] power to regulate navigation is as expressly granted, as if that term had been added to the word 'commerce'.... [T]he power of Congress does not stop at the jurisdictional lines of the several states. It would be a very useless power if it could not pass those lines."
William Blackstone
English jurist, judge and Tory politician of the eighteenth century.
In the United States, the Commentaries influenced Alexander Hamilton, John Marshall, James Wilson, John Jay, John Adams, James Kent and Abraham Lincoln, and remain frequently cited in Supreme Court decisions.
College of William & Mary
Public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia.
It also educated other key figures pivotal to the development of the United States, including the first President of the Continental Congress Peyton Randolph, the first U.S. Attorney General Edmund Randolph, the fourth U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall, Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay, Commanding General of the U.S. Army Winfield Scott, sixteen members of the Continental Congress, and four signers of the Declaration of Independence.