A report on Kalina people

Map indicating the current geographic distribution of the Kali'na population
Drawing of a Kali'na ritual.
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Kali'na man in Paris in 1892 holding a putu, or wooden club.
Portrait of the Kali'na exhibited at the Jardin d’Acclimatation in Paris in 1892.
Kali'na girls in Suriname in the village of Bigi Poika.
Kali'na village.
Kali'na boy in a dugout in Paris in 1892.

Indigenous people native to the northern coastal areas of South America.

- Kalina people

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French Guiana

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Overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France on the northern Atlantic coast of South America in the Guianas.

Overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France on the northern Atlantic coast of South America in the Guianas.

View from Salvation Islands
Map of northern South America showing the extent of the Guyanas region
Following the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana in 1809, João Severiano Maciel da Costa served as its only governor until 1817.
French Guiana, c. 1930
Geographic map of French Guiana in 2009. Note: this map does not show the international Oyapock River Bridge which connects Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock (France) and Oiapoque (Brazil) and has been open to car traffic since March 2017. The new asphalted road between Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and Apatou, which was completed in 2010, does not appear on the map either.
Köppen climate classification of French Guiana
Ile du Diable seen from Ile Royale
Guiana Amazonian Park
The grey-winged trumpeter, a species of bird commonly found in the region
An Ariane 5 rocket being processed at the Guiana Space Centre; the launch site is estimated to account for as much as 16% of French Guiana's GDP
Carnival of Kourou
Fresh market of Hmong Cacao village
Daily life in the Wayana village of Antecume Pata
Cayenne Cathedral. Most inhabitants of French Guiana are Catholic.
Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries and territories and outermost regions, as of 2019
Cayenne City Hall
Oyapock River Bridge
The Railway section of the Tiger Camp. Saint-Laurent to Saint-Jean-du-Maroni Railway (Prison Administration circa 1905).
Cayenne Airport
An Agglo bus, public transport, in the city of Cayenne, French Guiana
Headquarters of the 9th Marine Infantry Regiment (9e RIMa) in Cayenne
French Guiana Prefecture Building, in Cayenne
Subprefecture of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
Thémire house, Creole style, in Cayenne
Group parades during the Great Night Parade of Cayenne
Horses of air and light at the Big Parade of the Litoral, in Kourou
Touloulous in Cayenne streets in 2007
Atipa in coconut milk, typical dish of Guiana cuisine
Countess (cake)
Bottle of Belle Cabresse 50°(rhum agricole)
Georges-Chaumet Stadium, French Guiana
Kevin Séraphin, ex NBA player

French Guiana was originally inhabited by indigenous people: Kalina, Arawak, Galibi, Palikur, Teko, Wayampi and Wayana.

Suriname

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Country on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America.

Country on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America.

Maroon village, along Suriname River, 1955
Presidential Palace of Suriname
Waterfront houses in Paramaribo, 1955
Javanese immigrants brought as contract workers from the Dutch East Indies. Picture was taken between 1880 and 1900.
Henck Arron, Beatrix and Johan Ferrier on 25 November 1975
National Assembly
Court of Justice
Map of Suriname
Districts of Suriname
Brokopondo Reservoir surrounded by tropical rainforest
The Coppename river, one of many rivers in the interior
Leatherback sea turtle on the beach near the village of Galibi
Disputed areas shown on the map of Suriname (left and right, gray areas)
Suriname map of Köppen climate classification
The blue poison dart frog is endemic to Suriname.
A proportional representation of Suriname exports, 2019
Ministry of Finance
The population of Suriname from 1961 to 2003, in units of 1000. The slowdown and decline in population growth ~1969–1985 reflects a mass migration to the Netherlands and French Guiana.
Immigrants from India
Synagogue and mosque adjacent to each other in Paramaribo
Butcher in the Central Market in Paramaribo with signs written in Dutch
Pagara (red firecracker ribbons)
Central Suriname Nature Reserve seen from the Voltzberg
The Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul in Paramaribo

Suriname was inhabited as early as the fourth millennium BC by various indigenous peoples, including the Arawaks, Caribs, and Wayana.

Caribbean

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Region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean) and the surrounding coasts.

Region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean) and the surrounding coasts.

Map of Caribbean region, including dependencies
Map of the Caribbean
A Cuban PT-76 tank crew performing routine security duties in Angola during the Cuban intervention into the country
Tropical monsoon climate in San Andrés island, Caribbean, Colombia.
Köppen climate map of the islands of the Caribbean.
A field in Pinar del Rio planted with Cuban tobacco
Puerto Rico's south shore, from the mountains of Jayuya
Grand Anse beach, St. George's, Grenada
A church cemetery perched in the mountains of Guadeloupe
A view of Nevis island from the southeastern peninsula of Saint Kitts
Spanish Caribbean Islands in the American Viceroyalties 1600
Political evolution of Central America and the Caribbean from 1700 to present
The mostly Spanish-controlled Caribbean in the 16th century
Cayo de Agua, Los Roques Archipelago, Venezuela
Palancar Beach in Cozumel Island, Mexico
Guanaja Island, Bay Islands, Honduras
A linen market in Dominica in the 1770s
Agostino Brunias. Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape Brooklyn Museum
Asian Indians in the late nineteenth century singing and dancing in Trinidad and Tobago
Street scene, Matanzas, Cuba
Carnival in Trinidad and Tobago
Havana Cathedral (Catholic) in Cuba completed in 1777
Holy Trinity Cathedral, an Anglican Christian cathedral in Trinidad and Tobago
Temple in the Sea, a Hindu mandir in Trinidad and Tobago
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Memorial Masjid, a Muslim masjid in Trinidad and Tobago
A Jewish synagogue in Suriname
A Haitian Vodou alter
Flag of the Caribbean Common Market and Community (CARICOM)
Doubles, one of the national dishes of Trinidad and Tobago
Arroz con gandules, one of the national dishes of Puerto Rico
thumb|Counter-attack by Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces supported by T-34 tanks near Playa Giron during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, 19 April 1961.
thumb|A Marine heavy machine gunner monitors a position along the international neutral corridor in Santo Domingo, 1965.
thumb|A Soviet-made BTR-60 armored personnel carrier seized by US forces during Operation Urgent Fury (1983)
thumb|US Army Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk, Bell AH-1 Cobra and Bell OH-58 Kiowa helicopters on deck of the US Navy aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) off Haiti, 1994.
Epiphytes (bromeliads, climbing palms) in the rainforest of Dominica.
A green and black poison frog, Dendrobates auratus
Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Guadeloupe.
Costus speciosus, a marsh plant, Guadeloupe.
An Atlantic ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata) in Martinique.
Crescentia cujete, or calabash fruit, Martinique.
Thalassoma bifasciatum (bluehead wrasse fish), over Bispira brunnea (social feather duster worms).
Two Stenopus hispidus (banded cleaner shrimp) on a Xestospongia muta (giant barrel sponge).
A pair of Cyphoma signatum (fingerprint cowry), off coastal Haiti.
The Martinique amazon, Amazona martinicana, is an extinct species of parrot in the family Psittacidae.
Anastrepha suspensa, a Caribbean fruit fly.
Hemidactylus mabouia, a tropical gecko, in Dominica Edited by: Taniya Brooks.
Precolombian languages of the Antilles.Ciboney Taíno, Classic Taíno, and Iñeri were Arawakan, Karina and Yao were Cariban. Macorix, Ciguayo and Guanahatabey are unclassified.
The Battle of the Saintes between British and French fleets in 1782, by Nicholas Pocock
The mostly Spanish-controlled Caribbean in the 18th century

At the time of the European discovery of most of the islands of the Caribbean, three major Amerindian indigenous peoples lived on the islands: the Taíno in the Greater Antilles, the Bahamas and the Leeward Islands, the Island Caribs and Galibi in the Windward Islands, and the Ciboney in western Cuba.

Guyana

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Country on the northern mainland of South America.

Country on the northern mainland of South America.

Kaieteur Falls is the world's largest single-drop waterfall by volume.
Rupununi Savannah
Satellite image of Guyana from 2004
Anomaloglossus beebei (Kaieteur), specific to the Guianas
The hoatzin is the national bird of Guyana.
A tractor in a rice field on Guyana's coastal plain
A proportional representation of Guyana exports, 2019
Thatched roof houses in Guyana
Guyana's population density in 2005 (people per km2)
A graph showing the population of Guyana from 1961 to 2003. The population decline in the 1980s can be clearly seen.
The State House, Guyana's presidential residence
The Supreme Court of Guyana
Guyana's parliament building since 1834
Map of Guyana, showing the Essequibo River and (shaded dark) the river's drainage basin. Venezuela claims territory up to the western bank of the river. The historical claim by the UK included the river basin well into current-day Venezuela.
Cross-border bridge from Guyana to Brazil near Lethem
St George's Cathedral, Georgetown
Providence Stadium as seen from the East Bank Highway

There are nine indigenous tribes residing in Guyana: the Wai Wai, Macushi, Patamona, Lokono, Kalina, Wapishana, Pemon, Akawaio and Warao.

Carib family (by John Gabriel Stedman 1818)

Kalinago

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Indigenous people of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean.

Indigenous people of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean.

Carib family (by John Gabriel Stedman 1818)
Drawing of a Carib woman (1888)
Greenstone ceremonial axe. From shell midden, Mt Irvine Bay, Tobago, 1957.
Distribution of Cariban languages in South America
Carib Warrior (mixed media wax sculpture by artist George S. Stuart)
A Family of Carib natives drawn from life, by Agostino Brunias, c. 1765 - 1770s

They may have been related to the Mainland Caribs (Kalina) of South America, but they spoke an unrelated language known as Island Carib.

Carib language

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Carib or Kari'nja is a Cariban language spoken by the Kalina people (Caribs) of South America.

Venezuela

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Country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.

Country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.

The German Welser Armada exploring Venezuela.
El Libertador, Simón Bolívar.
Revolution of 19 April 1810, the beginning of Venezuela's independence, by Martín Tovar y Tovar
The signing of Venezuela's independence, by Martín Tovar y Tovar.
Flag of Venezuela between 1954 and 2006.
Rómulo Betancourt (president 1945–1948 / 1959–1964), one of the major democracy leaders of Venezuela.
Table where the Puntofijo Pact was signed on 31 October 1958
Sabana Grande district, Caracas (1973)
President Carlos Andrés Pérez was impeached on corruption charges in 1993.
Chávez with fellow South American presidents Néstor Kirchner of Argentina and Lula da Silva of Brazil
Nicolás Maduro with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff at the 48th Mercosur Summit in Brazil in 2015.
Maduro was inaugurated for a contested and controversial second term on 10 January 2019.
Topographic map of Venezuela
Venezuela map of Köppen climate classification
The national animal of Venezuela is the troupial (Icterus icterus),
Valencia Lake, formerly praised by Alexander von Humboldt for its beauty, is massively polluted due to the countless sewage systems pouring residuals.
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Bolívar Peak, the highest mountain in Venezuela
Los Llanos, Apure state
Valle de Mifafí, Mérida State
Médanos de Coro National Park, Falcón State
National Assembly of Venezuela building
Protests in Altamira, Caracas (2014)
The Guayana Esequiba claim area is a territory administered by Guyana and historically claimed by Venezuela.
President Maduro among other Latin American leaders participating in a 2017 ALBA gathering
A Sukhoi Su-30MKV of the Venezuelan Air Force
Map of the Venezuelan federation
A proportional representation of Venezuela exports, 2019
Líder Mall, one of the main shopping centers in Caracas
Ángel falls one of Venezuela's top tourist attractions, the world highest waterfall
Empty shelves in a store in Venezuela due to shortages in 2014
Venezuela's exports of crude oil from January 2018 to December 2019
A map of world oil reserves according to OPEC, 2013. Venezuela has the world's largest oil reserves.
Caracas Metro in Los Jardines Station
The Venezuelan Academy of Language studies the development of the Spanish in the country.
University Hospital, Central University of Venezuela
Illiteracy rate in Venezuela based on data from UNESCO and the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) of Venezuela
The joropo, as depicted in a 1912 drawing by Eloy Palacios
Antonio Herrera Toro, self portrait 1880
The Guanaguanare dance, a popular dance in Portuguesa State
Venezuela national baseball team in 2015
Venezuela national football team, popularly known as the "Vinotinto"
Venezuelan diaspora in the world
Venezuela
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In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historical groups such as the Kalina (Caribs), Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, and Timoto–Cuicas.

Cariban languages

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The Cariban languages are a family of languages indigenous to northeastern South America.

The Cariban languages are a family of languages indigenous to northeastern South America.

Galibi Kaliña (N)

Arawak woman, by John Gabriel Stedman

Arawak

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The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean.

The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean.

Arawak woman, by John Gabriel Stedman
Arawak woman, by John Gabriel Stedman
Arawak village (1860).
Arawakan languages in South America. The northern Arawakan languages are colored in light blue, while the southern Arawakan languages are colored in dark blue.
Arawak people gathered for an audience with the Dutch Governor in Paramaribo, Suriname, 1880

In the early 17th century, they allied with the Spanish against the neighbouring Kalina (Caribs), who allied with the English and Dutch.

Sinnamary

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Town and commune on the coast of French Guiana, between Kourou and Iracoubo.

Town and commune on the coast of French Guiana, between Kourou and Iracoubo.

Galileo launch (2011)

The town contains an Indonesian community, as well as a Galibi Amerindian community.