A report on Knight, Military order (religious society), Knights Templar and Middle Ages

A 14th century depiction of the 13th century German knight Hartmann von Aue, from the Codex Manesse.

Indications of presence of military orders associated with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Holy Land during the Crusades (in German).

The Cross of Mathilde, a crux gemmata made for Mathilde, Abbess of Essen (973–1011), who is shown kneeling before the Virgin and Child in the enamel plaque. The figure of Christ is slightly later. Probably made in Cologne or Essen, the cross demonstrates several medieval techniques: cast figurative sculpture, filigree, enamelling, gem polishing and setting, and the reuse of Classical cameos and engraved gems.

A Norman knight slaying Harold Godwinson (Bayeux tapestry, c. 1070). The rank of knight developed in the 12th century from the mounted warriors of the 10th and 11th centuries.

Reconquista of the main towns (per year) (in Spanish).

A late Roman sculpture depicting the Tetrarchs, now in Venice, Italy

The battle between the Turks and Christian knights during the Ottoman wars in Europe

The first headquarters of the Knights Templar, on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The Crusaders called it "the Temple of Solomon" and from this location derived their name of Templar.

Barbarian kingdoms and tribes after the end of the Western Roman Empire

Battle of Hattin in 1187, the turning point leading to the Third Crusade. From a copy of the Passages d’outremer, c.1490.

A coin of the Ostrogothic leader Theoderic the Great, struck in Milan, Italy, c. AD 491–501

The miles Christianus allegory (mid-13th century), showing a knight armed with virtues and facing the vices in mortal combat. The parts of his armour are identified with Christian virtues, thus correlating essential military equipment with the religious values of chivalry:
The helmet is spes futuri gaudii (hope of future bliss), the shield (here the shield of the Trinity) is fides (faith), the armour is caritas (charity), the lance is perseverantia (perseverance), the sword is verbum Dei (the word of God), the banner is regni celestis desiderium (desire for the kingdom of heaven), the horse is bona voluntas (good will), the saddle is Christiana religio (Christian religion), the saddlecloth is humilitas (humility), the reins are discretio (discretion), the spurs are disciplina (discipline), the stirrups are propositum boni operis (proposition of good work), and the horse's four hooves are delectatio, consensus, bonum opus, consuetudo (delight, consent, good work, and exercise).

Map of the branches of the Teutonic Order in Europe around 1300. Shaded area is sovereign territory, Grand Master HQ in Venice is highlighted)

Convent of Christ Castle in Tomar, Portugal. Built in 1160 as a stronghold for the Knights Templar, it became the headquarters of the renamed Order of Christ. In 1983, it was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

A mosaic showing Justinian with the bishop of Ravenna (Italy), bodyguards, and courtiers.

Tournament from the Codex Manesse, depicting the mêlée

Reconstruction of an early medieval peasant village in Bavaria

Elements of a harness of the late style of Gothic plate armour that was a popular style in the mid 15th to early 16th century (depiction made in the 18th century)

Templar chapel from the 12th century in Metz, France. Once part of the Templar commandery of Metz, the oldest Templar institution of the Holy Roman Empire.

An 11th-century illustration of Gregory the Great dictating to a secretary

Page from King René's Tournament Book (BnF Ms Fr 2695)

Templar building at Saint Martin des Champs, France

Map showing growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814

The Battle of Pavia in 1525. Landsknecht mercenaries with arquebus.

Representation of a Knight Templar (Ten Duinen Abbey museum, 2010 photograph)

Charlemagne's palace chapel at Aachen, completed in 805

Fortified house – a family seat of a knight (Schloss Hart by the Harter Graben near Kindberg, Austria)

Depiction of two Templars seated on a horse (emphasising poverty), with Beauséant, the "sacred banner" (or gonfanon) of the Templars, argent a chief sable (Matthew Paris, c. 1250).

10th-century Ottonian ivory plaque depicting Christ receiving a church from Otto I

The Battle of Grunwald between Poland-Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights in 1410

Temple Church, London. As the chapel of the New Temple in London, it was the location for Templar initiation ceremonies. In modern times it is the parish church of the Middle and Inner Temples, two of the Inns of Court, and a popular tourist attraction.

A page from the Book of Kells, an illuminated manuscript created in the British Isles in the late 8th or early 9th century

Pippo Spano, the member of the Order of the Dragon

Medieval French manuscript illustration of the three classes of medieval society: those who prayed (the clergy) those who fought (the knights), and those who worked (the peasantry). The relationship between these classes was governed by feudalism and manorialism. (Li Livres dou Sante, 13th century)

The English fighting the French knights at the Battle of Crécy in 1346

13th-century illustration of a Jew (in pointed Jewish hat) and the Christian Petrus Alphonsi debating

Miniature from Jean Froissart Chronicles depicting the Battle of Montiel (Castilian Civil War, in the Hundred Years' War)

Europe and the Mediterranean Sea in 1190

A modern artistic rendition of a chevalière of the Late Middle Ages.

The Bayeux Tapestry (detail) showing William the Conqueror (centre), his half-brothers Robert, Count of Mortain (right) and Odo, Bishop of Bayeux in the Duchy of Normandy (left)

A battle of the Reconquista from the Cantigas de Santa Maria

Krak des Chevaliers was built during the Crusades for the Knights Hospitallers.

A medieval scholar making precise measurements in a 14th-century manuscript illustration

Portrait of Cardinal Hugh of Saint-Cher by Tommaso da Modena, 1352, the first known depiction of spectacles

The Romanesque Church of Maria Laach, Germany

The Gothic interior of Laon Cathedral, France

Francis of Assisi, depicted by Bonaventura Berlinghieri in 1235, founded the Franciscan Order.

Execution of some of the ringleaders of the jacquerie, from a 14th-century manuscript of the Chroniques de France ou de St Denis

Guy of Boulogne crowning Pope Gregory XI in a 15th-century miniature from Froissart's Chroniques

Clerics studying astronomy and geometry, French, early 15th century

Agricultural calendar, c. 1470, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi

February scene from the 15th-century illuminated manuscript Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry

Medieval illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th-century copy of L'Image du monde

The early Muslim conquests
Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750

A military order (militaris ordo) is a Christian religious society of knights.

- Military order (religious society)

The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici), also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, the Knights Templar, or simply the Templars, was a Catholic military order, one of the most wealthy and popular of the Western Christian military orders.

- Knights Templar

The original military orders were the Knights Templar, the Knights Hospitaller, the Order of Saint James, the Order of Calatrava, and the Teutonic Knights.

- Military order (religious society)

They were founded in 1119, headquartered on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, and existed for nearly two centuries during the Middle Ages.

- Knights Templar

They arose in the Middle Ages in association with the Crusades, both in the Holy Land and in the Iberian peninsula; their members being dedicated to the protection of pilgrims and the defence of the Crusader states.

- Military order (religious society)

Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship (and especially the joust) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century.

- Knight

The Crusades brought various military orders of knights to the forefront of defending Christian pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land.

- Knight

In 1119, the French knight Hugues de Payens approached King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and proposed creating a monastic order for the protection of these pilgrims.

- Knights Templar

Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages.

- Middle Ages

The first military orders of knighthood were the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre and the Knights Hospitaller, both founded shortly after the First Crusade of 1099, followed by the Order of Saint Lazarus (1100), Knights Templars (1118) and the Teutonic Knights (1190).

- Knight

Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order, the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers, which fused monastic life with military service.

- Middle Ages

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Teutonic Order

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The coat of arms in the style of the 14th century

Reliquary made in Elbing in 1388 for Teutonic komtur Thiele von Lorich, military trophy of Polish king Wladislaus in 1410.

Hermann von Salza, the fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (1209–1239)

Tannhäuser in the habit of the Teutonic Knights, from the Codex Manesse

Frederick II allows the order to invade Prussia, by P. Janssen

Ruins of the Teutonic Order's castle in Paide, Estonia

Pomerelia (Pommerellen) while part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights

Castle of the Teutonic Order in Bad Mergentheim

A German National People's Party poster from 1920 showing a Teutonic knight being attacked by Poles and socialists. The caption reads "Rescue the East".

14th-century brass stamp with the shield insignia.

In the 16th century, officers of the order would quarter their family arms with the order's arms.<ref>In this example (dated 1594), Hugo Dietrich von Hohenlandenberg, commander of the bailiwick of Swabia-Alsace-Burgundy, shows his Landenberg family arms quartered with the order's black cross.</ref>

Example of the Deutschmeisterwappen on the gate of the Bad Mergentheim residence

Coat of arms of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Grand Master from 1761 to 1780.

Procession in honour of Saint Liborius of Le Mans with Knights of the Holy Sepulchre together with Teutonic Knights in Paderborn, Germany.

The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (official names: Ordo domus Sanctae Mariae Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum; L'Ordine dei Fratelli della Casa Tedesca di Santa Maria a Gerusalemme; Orden de Hermanos de la Casa Alemana de Santa María en Jerusalén; Ordre des Frères de la Maison allemande de Sainte Marie à Jérusalem; Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem; Orde van de Broeders van het Duitse Huis van Sint-Maria in Jeruzalem; Zakon Szpitala Najświętszej Marii Panny Domu Niemieckiego w Jerozolimie), commonly known as the Teutonic Order (German: Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having a small voluntary and mercenary military membership, serving as a crusading military order for the protection of Christians in the Holy Land and the Baltics during the Middle Ages.

Purely religious since 1810, the Teutonic Order still confers limited honorary knighthoods.

However, based on the model of the Knights Templar, it was transformed into a military order in 1198 and the head of the order became known as the Grand Master (magister hospitalis).