A report on Knights Templar

A Seal of the Knights Templar
Flag used by the Templars in battle.
The first headquarters of the Knights Templar, on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The Crusaders called it "the Temple of Solomon" and from this location derived their name of Templar.
Battle of Hattin in 1187, the turning point leading to the Third Crusade. From a copy of the Passages d’outremer, c.1490.
Convent of Christ Castle in Tomar, Portugal. Built in 1160 as a stronghold for the Knights Templar, it became the headquarters of the renamed Order of Christ. In 1983, it was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Templars being burned at the stake.
Templar chapel from the 12th century in Metz, France. Once part of the Templar commandery of Metz, the oldest Templar institution of the Holy Roman Empire.
Templar building at Saint Martin des Champs, France
Representation of a Knight Templar (Ten Duinen Abbey museum, 2010 photograph)
Depiction of two Templars seated on a horse (emphasising poverty), with Beauséant, the "sacred banner" (or gonfanon) of the Templars, argent a chief sable (Matthew Paris, c. 1250).
Temple Church, London. As the chapel of the New Temple in London, it was the location for Templar initiation ceremonies. In modern times it is the parish church of the Middle and Inner Temples, two of the Inns of Court, and a popular tourist attraction.

Catholic military order, one of the most wealthy and popular of the Western Christian military orders.

- Knights Templar
A Seal of the Knights Templar

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The Crusader States in 1135

Crusader states

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The Crusader States, also known as Outremer, were four Roman Catholic realms in the Middle East that lasted from 1098 to 1291.

The Crusader States, also known as Outremer, were four Roman Catholic realms in the Middle East that lasted from 1098 to 1291.

The Crusader States in 1135
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Anatolia at the beginning of the First Crusade (1097)
Godfrey of Bouillon during the siege of Jerusalem (from the 14th-century Roman de Godefroi de Bouillon)
Montréal castle
Kings Louis VIII and Conrad III meet Queen Melisende and King Baldwin III at Acre from a 13th-century codex
Saladin and Guy fight from a 13th-century manuscript of Matthew Paris's chronicle
The crusader states after Saladin's conquests and before the Third Crusade
Map of Lesser Armenia in 1200
A 13th-century manuscript of the marriage of Frederick and Isabella
Krak des Chevaliers
The feudatories of the king of Jerusalem in 1187
13th-century miniature of Baldwin II of Jerusalem granting the Al Aqsa Mosque to Hugues de Payens
Coins of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the British Museum. Left: European style Denier with Holy Sepulchre (1162–1175). Centre: Kufic gold bezant (1140–1180). Right: gold bezant with Christian symbol (1250s)
12th-century Hospitaller castle of Krak des Chevaliers in Syria

Church leaders quickly espoused the idea of armed monks, and within a decade, two military orders, the Knights Templar and Hospitaller, were formed.

14th-century miniature of the Second Crusade battle from the Estoire d'Eracles

Crusades

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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period.

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period.

14th-century miniature of the Second Crusade battle from the Estoire d'Eracles
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade (Egerton 1500, Avignon, 14thcentury)
The Crusader States in 1135
Nūr-ad-Din's victory at the Battle of Inab, 1149. Illustration from the Passages d'outremer, c. 1490.
The Near East, c. 1190, at the inception of the Third Crusade
Richard the Lionheart on his way to Jerusalem, James William Glass (1850)
Conquest of the Orthodox city of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204 (BNF Arsenal MS 5090, 15th century)
Crusaders attack the tower of Damietta during the siege of Damietta in a painting by Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen
Holy Roman Emperor FrederickII (left) meets al-Kamil (right), illumination from Giovanni Villani's Nuova Cronica (Vatican Library ms. Chigiano L VIII 296, 14thcentury).
The defeat of the Crusaders at Gaza, depicted in the Chronica majora of Matthew Paris, 13th century.
Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade
Louis IX being taken prisoner at the Battle of Fariskur (Gustave Doré)
Miniature of the Siege of Acre (1291) (Estoire d'Oultre-Mer, BNF fr. 2825, fol 361v, c. 1300)
Map of the branches of the Teutonic Order in Europe around 1300. Shaded area is sovereign territory.
Miniatures showing Pope Innocent III excommunicating, and the crusaders massacring, Cathars (BL Royal 16 G VI, fol. 374v, 14thcentury)
13th-century miniature of Baldwin II of Jerusalem granting the captured Al Aqsa Mosque to Hugues de Payns
12th-century Knights Hospitaller castle of Krak des Chevaliers in Syria, one of the first castles to use concentric fortification, i.e. concentric rings of defence that could all operate at the same time. It has two curtain walls and sits on a promontory.
William of Tyre writing his history, from a 13th-century Old French translation, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, MS 2631, f.1r

The formal establishment of the Knights Templar was likely also granted by the council, complimenting the military arm of the Knights Hospitaller that was protecting pilgrims to the Holy Land.

Flag of the Order

Knights Hospitaller

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Medieval and early modern Catholic military order.

Medieval and early modern Catholic military order.

Flag of the Order
Flag of the Order
Early cross of the Knights Hospitaller
Pie postulatio voluntatis. Bull issued by Pope Paschal II in 1113 in favor of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, which was to transform what was a community of pious men into an institution within the Church. By virtue of this document, the pope officially recognized the existence of the new organisation as an operative and militant part of the Roman Catholic Church, granting it papal protection and confirming its properties in Europe and Asia.
The Knights Hospitaller in the 13th century
Grand Master Pierre d'Aubusson with senior knights, wearing the "Rhodian cross" on their habits. Dedicatory miniature in Gestorum Rhodie obsidionis commentarii (account of the Siege of Rhodes of 1480), BNF Lat 6067 fol. 3v, dated 1483/4.
Street of Knights in Rhodes
The Knights' castle at Rhodes
Rhodes and other possessions of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John.
Deed of Donation of the islands of Malta, Gozo and Tripoli to the Order of St John by Emperor Charles V in 1530.
Grand culverin of the Knights Hospitallers, 1500–1510, Rhodes
Arms of the Knights Hospitallers, quartered with those of Pierre d'Aubusson, on a bombard
Re-enactment of 16th-century military drills conducted by the Knights. Fort Saint Elmo, Valletta, Malta, 8 May 2005.
Ottoman attack on the post of the Castilian knights on 21 August 1565
Hospitaller galleys capturing an Ottoman vessel in the Malta Channel in 1652
Hospitaller galley c. 1680
Auberge de Castille in Valletta, an example of 18th-century Baroque architecture built by the Order.
View of the fortifications of Valletta
A 1742 Tarì coin of the Knights Hospitaller, depicting the head of John the Baptist on a platter.
Emperor Paul wearing the Crown of the Grand Master of the Order of Malta (1799).
View from Valletta, Malta, showing Fort Saint Angelo, belonging to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Coat of arms of the Order of Malta
Prince Oskar of Prussia, Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John of the hospital at Jerusalem Herrenmeister since 1999

The Hospitallers and the Knights Templar became the most formidable military orders in the Holy Land.

A dirham coin depicting Saladin, c. 1189

Saladin

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Sunni Muslim Kurd who became the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria, and was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

Sunni Muslim Kurd who became the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria, and was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

A dirham coin depicting Saladin, c. 1189
Saladin's battles in Egypt
Coinage of Saladin, Naṣībīn mint, dated AH 578 (AD 1182/3).
19th-century depiction of a victorious Saladin, by Gustave Doré
Saladin ended his siege of the Ismaili ("Assassins") fortress of Masyaf, which was commanded by Rashid ad-Din Sinan, under uncertain circumstances in August 1176.
Saladin assured the protection of caravan routes that allowed travel to distant lands.
The battlefield at Jacob's Ford, looking from the west bank to the east bank of the River Jordan
Isometric laser scan data image of the Bab al-Barqiyya Gate in the 12th century Ayyubid Wall. This fortified gate was constructed with interlocking volumes that surrounded the entrant in such a way as to provide greater security and control than typical city wall gates.
Saladin's troops, French manuscript, 1337
Sculpture of Saladin in the Egyptian Military museum in Cairo
Saladin and Guy of Lusignan after the Battle of Hattin
The elite garrison of Saladin's armies during the Siege of Acre
Saladin's tomb, near the northwest corner of the Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.
Saladin's sarcophagus within the tomb building.
Saladinus, by Cristofano dell'Altissimo, ante 1568
The Eagle of Saladin in the Egyptian coat of arms
The Eagle of Saladin in the coat of arms of the Kurdistan Regional Government

Amalric withdrew his Templar garrison from Gaza to assist him in defending Darum, but Saladin evaded their force and captured Gaza in 1187.

Indications of presence of military orders associated with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Holy Land during the Crusades (in German).

Military order (religious society)

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Christian religious society of knights.

Christian religious society of knights.

Indications of presence of military orders associated with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Holy Land during the Crusades (in German).
Reconquista of the main towns (per year) (in Spanish).
Extent of the Teutonic Order in 1410.
The Hospitallers in the 13th century
Map of the branches of the Teutonic Order in Europe around 1300. Shaded area is sovereign territory, Grand Master HQ in Venice is highlighted)

The original military orders were the Knights Templar, the Knights Hospitaller, the Order of Saint James, the Order of Calatrava, and the Teutonic Knights.

Detail from a 1315 miniature

Philip IV of France

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King of France from 1285 to 1314.

King of France from 1285 to 1314.

Detail from a 1315 miniature
Gisant of Philip the Fair in the Basilica of Saint-Denis
Homage of Edward I (kneeling) to Philip IV (seated). As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king. Painting made in 15th century.
Masse d'or (7,04 g) during Philip the Fair's reign
Donation made by the King of France, Philip IV the Fair, to the chaplains and wardens of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris. February 1286
Templars burned at the stake. Painting made in 1480.
Philip IV the Fair from Recueil des rois de France, by Jean du Tillet, 1550.
Tomb of Philip IV in the Basilica of St Denis
Relatives console Philip IV

Domestically, his reign was marked by struggles with the Jews and the Knights Templar.

Jacques de Molay

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Coat of arms of Jacques de Molay
Ordination of Jacques de Molay in 1265 as a Knight Templar, at the Beaune commandery. Painting by Marius Granet (1777–1849).
Chapel of the Beaune commandery, where Jacques de Molay was ordained.
Ghazan, the Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, sought a Franco-Mongol alliance with the Crusaders against the Egyptian Mamluks, but was never able to successfully coordinate military actions
Jacques de Molay sentenced to the stake in 1314, from the Chronicle of France or of St Denis (fourteenth century). Note the shape of the island, representing the Île de la Cité (Island of the City) in the Seine, where the executions took place.
Interrogation of Jacques de Molay. 19th century print
Marker at the site of Jacques de Molay's execution in Paris. (Translation: At this location, Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, was burned on 18 March 1314), located by the stairs from the Pont-Neuf bridge. The top half of this photo shows the part of the island where the executions took place. The lower half shows the plaque, which is on one of the pillars of the bridge, behind the trees.
"The capture of Jerusalem by Jacques de Molay in 1299", by Claudius Jacquand, Versailles, Musée National Chateau et Trianons. This depiction was commissioned in the 1800s, but is about an event in 1299 that did not actually occur. There was no battle, and Molay was nowhere near Jerusalem at the time. In reality, after the Christians lost control of Jerusalem in 1244, it was not under Christian control again until 1917, when the British took it from the Ottomans.

Jacques de Molay (c. 1240–1250 – 11 or 18 March 1314 ), also spelled "Molai", was the 23rd and last grand master of the Knights Templar, leading the order from 20 April 1292 until it was dissolved by order of Pope Clement V in 1312.

Clement V on 1310 sou coin

Pope Clement V

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Head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his death in April 1314.

Head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his death in April 1314.

Clement V on 1310 sou coin
Bulla of Clement V
Hayton of Corycus remitting his report on the Mongols La Flor des Estoires d'Orient, to Pope Clement V in 1307.

He is remembered for suppressing the order of the Knights Templar and allowing the execution of many of its members.

King Baldwin II of Jerusalem ceding the Temple to Hugues de Payens and Godfrey de Saint-Omer

Hugues de Payens

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Hugues de Payens or Payns (c.

Hugues de Payens or Payns (c.

King Baldwin II of Jerusalem ceding the Temple to Hugues de Payens and Godfrey de Saint-Omer

undefined 1070 – 24 May 1136) was the co-founder and first Grand Master of the Knights Templar.

Coat of arms of the order

Teutonic Order

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Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Coat of arms of the order
Extent of the Teutonic Order in 1300.
The coat of arms in the style of the 14th century
Teutonic & Livonian Orders in 1422
Reliquary made in Elbing in 1388 for Teutonic komtur Thiele von Lorich, military trophy of Polish king Wladislaus in 1410.
Hermann von Salza, the fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (1209–1239)
Tannhäuser in the habit of the Teutonic Knights, from the Codex Manesse
Frederick II allows the order to invade Prussia, by P. Janssen
Map of the Teutonic state in 1260
Ruins of the Teutonic Order's castle in Paide, Estonia
Pomerelia (Pommerellen) while part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights
Map of the Teutonic state in 1410
Battle of Grunwald
Map of the Teutonic state in 1466
Castle of the Teutonic Order in Bad Mergentheim
A German National People's Party poster from 1920 showing a Teutonic knight being attacked by Poles and socialists. The caption reads "Rescue the East".
14th-century brass stamp with the shield insignia.
In the 16th century, officers of the order would quarter their family arms with the order's arms.<ref>In this example (dated 1594), Hugo Dietrich von Hohenlandenberg, commander of the bailiwick of Swabia-Alsace-Burgundy, shows his Landenberg family arms quartered with the order's black cross.</ref>
Example of the Deutschmeisterwappen on the gate of the Bad Mergentheim residence
Coat of arms of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Grand Master from 1761 to 1780.
Modern (20th century) medal
Procession in honour of Saint Liborius of Le Mans with Knights of the Holy Sepulchre together with Teutonic Knights in Paderborn, Germany.

However, based on the model of the Knights Templar, it was transformed into a military order in 1198 and the head of the order became known as the Grand Master (magister hospitalis).