A report on LaosSouth Vietnam and Vietnamese people

Motif of the Dongson Ngoc Lu drum (~300 BC)
Pha That Luang in Vientiane is the national symbol of Laos.
About 1 million North Vietnamese refugees left the newly created communist North Vietnam during Operation "Passage to Freedom" (October 1954).
Traditional Vietnamese dress.
Fa Ngum, founder of the Lan Xang Kingdom
Vietnamese opera house, somewhere in Phu Yen, 1793
Local Lao soldiers in the French Colonial guard, c. 1900
US President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles greet President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam in Washington, 8 May 1957.
Vietnamese soldiers in 1828
French General Salan and Prince Sisavang Vatthana in Luang Prabang, 4 May 1953
A woman casting her ballot in the 1967 elections in the Republic of Vietnam
Vietnamese nobles, 1883-1886
Ruins of Muang Khoun, former capital of Xiangkhouang province, destroyed by the American bombing of Laos in the late 1960s
Radio Vietnam broadcast hours cards, denoting times and frequencies of radio broadcasts in 1960 and 1962. Address: 3 Phan Dinh Phung St., Saigon
Vietnamese farmers in 1921
Pathet Lao soldiers in Vientiane, 1972
Map of South Vietnam
Vietnamese soldiers in Albania, 1917
Mekong River flowing through Luang Prabang
Map of the Vietnamnese
Paddy fields in Laos
Vietnamese New Year parade, San Jose, California
Laos map of Köppen climate classification.
Congregation Of The Mother Coredemptrix in Carthage, Missouri
Flag of the ruling Lao People's Revolutionary Party
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia
Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and ASEAN heads of state in New Delhi on 25 January 2018
The mandarins of Nguyễn dynasty
Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith with Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2016
Hmong girls in Laos, 1973
A proportional representation of Laos exports, 2019
GDP per capita development in Laos
Near the sanctuary on the main upper level of Vat Phou, looking back towards the Mekong River
Rivers are an important means of transport in Laos.
Pha That Luang in Vientiane. The Buddhist stupa that is a national symbol of Laos.
Mahosot Hospital in Vientiane.
National University of Laos in Vientiane.
An example of Lao cuisine
Lao women wearing sinhs
Lao dancers during the New Year celebration
New Laos National Stadium in Vientiane.
Wat Nong Sikhounmuang - buddhist pagoda in Luang Prabang.

Another theory, based on linguistic diversity, locates the most probable homeland of the Vietic languages in modern-day Bolikhamsai Province and Khammouane Province in Laos as well as parts of Nghệ An Province and Quảng Bình Province in Vietnam.

- Vietnamese people

A French governor-general (toàn quyền) in Hanoi administered all the five parts of Indochina (Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina, Laos, and Cambodia) while Cochinchina (Nam Kỳ) was under a French governor (thống đốc), but the difference from the other parts with most indigenous intelligentsia and wealthy were naturalized French (Tourane now Đà Nẵng in the central third of Vietnam also enjoyed this privilege because this city was a concession too.) The northern third of Vietnam (then the colony (thuộc địa) of Tonkin (Bắc Kỳ) was under a French resident general (thống sứ).

- South Vietnam

Laos was a key part of the Vietnam War since parts of Laos were invaded and occupied by North Vietnam since 1958 for use as a supply route for its war against South Vietnam.

- Laos

During the partition of Vietnam into North and South, a number of South Vietnamese students also arrived to study in France, along with individuals involved in commerce for trade with France, which was a principal economic partner with South Vietnam.

- Vietnamese people

In 1970 about 90% of population was Kinh (Viet), and 10% was Hoa (Chinese), Montagnard, French, Khmer, Cham, Eurasians and others.

- South Vietnam

Some Vietnamese, Laotian Chinese and Thai minorities remain, particularly in the towns, but many left after independence in the late 1940s, many of whom relocated either to Vietnam, Hong Kong, or to France.

- Laos

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Vietnam

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Country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311699 km2 and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country.

Country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311699 km2 and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country.

A Đông Sơn bronze drum, c. 800 BC
Vietnam's territories around 1838
The Grand Palais built for the 1902–1903 world's fair, when Hanoi was French Indochina's capital
Partition of French Indochina after the 1954 Geneva Conference
Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft spraying Agent Orange during the Operation Ranch Hand as part of a herbicidal warfare operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the Việt Cộng, c. 1962–1971
Nature attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: Hạ Long Bay, Yến River and Bản-Giốc Waterfalls
Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range, the range that includes Fansipan which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula.
Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam.
Nha Trang, a popular beach destination has a tropical savanna climate.
Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: crested argus, a peafowl, red-shanked douc, Indochinese leopard, saola.
Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activities
The National Assembly of Vietnam building in Hanoi
Examples of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces weaponry assets. Clockwise from top right: T-54B tank, Sukhoi Su-27UBK fighter aircraft, Vietnam Coast Guard Hamilton-class cutter, and Vietnam People's Army chemical corps with Type 56.
A Communist Party propaganda poster in Hanoi
Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam
Tree map showing Vietnam's exports
Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81 located in Bình Thạnh, Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon).
Terraced rice fields in Sa Pa
A Vietnamese-made TOPIO 3.0 humanoid ping-pong-playing robot displayed during the 2009 International Robot Exhibition (IREX) in Tokyo.
Vietnamese science students working on an experiment in their university lab.
Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a major tourist destination.
HCMC–LT–DG section of the North–South Expressway.
Tan Son Nhat International Airport is the busiest airport in the country.
The port of Hai Phong is one of the largest and busiest container ports in Vietnam.
Sơn La Dam in northern Vietnam, the largest hydroelectric dam in Southeast Asia.
In rural areas of Vietnam, piped water systems are operated by a wide variety of institutions including a national organisation, people committees (local government), community groups, co-operatives and private companies.
Development of life expectancy in Vietnam since 1950
Vietnam population pyramid in 2019
District 1, Ho Chi Minh City.
Urbanisation in west Hanoi
Vietnamese calligraphy in Latin alphabet.
Vietnamese traditional white school uniform for girls in the country, the áo dài with the addition of nón lá, a conical hat.
Vietnamese dragon on Emperor Khải Định's c. 1917 scroll in British Library collection.
Ca trù trio performance in northern Vietnam
Some of the notable Vietnamese cuisine, clockwise from top-right: phở noodle, chè thái fruit dessert, chả giò spring roll and bánh mì sandwich.
Vietnam Television (VTV), the main state television station
Special Tết decoration in the country seen during the holiday
Mỹ Đình National Stadium in Hanoi.

Vietnam borders China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea.

The Vietnam War began shortly after, during which the nation was divided into communist North supported by the Soviet Union and China, and anti-communist South supported by the United States.

The dominant Viet or Kinh ethnic group constitute 82,085,826 people or 85.32% of the population.

Cambodia

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Glazed stoneware dating back to the 12th century
Khmer army going to war against the Cham, from a relief on the Bayon
A map of Indochina in 1760
Norodom Sihanouk and Mao Zedong in 1956
Rooms of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum contain thousands of photos taken by the Khmer Rouge of their victims.
Choeung Ek, a known site of mass grave for genocide victims during the Khmer Rouge era
Antigovernment protests in support of opposition party CNRP took place in Cambodia following the 2013 general election.
Geographic map of Cambodia
Regional map of Cambodia
Köppen climate classification map of Cambodia
Macaques at Phnom Pros, Kampong Cham Province
Waterfall at Phnom Kulen
Prey Lang Forest
Norodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia
Cambodian foreign minister Prak Sokhonn meets with U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken in Washington, D.C., 13 May 2022.
Prime minister Hun Sen with Russian president Vladimir Putin in Moscow, 19 May 2016.
Royal Cambodian Army officers marching
Left to right: Senate President Say Chhum, National Assembly President Heng Samrin and Prime Minister Hun Sen, on Independence Day, 9 November 2019.
Cambodia's deputy opposition leader Kem Sokha (left) has been arrested in September 2017 while opposition leader Sam Rainsy (right) has lived in exile since November 2015
Real GPD per capita development of Cambodia
A proportional representation of Cambodia exports, 2019
The Cambodian position on the Human Development Index, 1970–2010
Food stands in Siem Reap.
Paddy field in Siem Reap Province
Farmers harvesting rice in Battambang Province
Cambodian Exports Treemap in 2017.
Every year, nearly 2.6 million tourists visit Angkor Wat in Siem Reap, Cambodia.
National Highway 4
Phnom Penh airport shuttle train
An ethnic map of Cambodia
Cambodian couple wearing traditional wedding outfit (Sompot, Sbai, Chong Kben).
Pchum Ben, also known as "Ancestors Day", is an important religious festival celebrated by Khmer Buddhists.
Cambodian medical students watching a surgery operation
The Institute of Foreign Languages of the Royal University of Phnom Penh
The 19th-century illustration tale of Vorvong & Sorvong
Boat racing during Bon Om Touk
Sinn Sisamouth, a famous Cambodian singer
Hun Sen and ASEAN leaders with U.S. President Joe Biden at the White House during the U.S.–ASEAN Summit, 13 May 2022.

Cambodia (also Kampuchea ; កម្ពុជា, Kâmpŭchéa ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of 181035 km2, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.

Cambodia's minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 hill tribes.

Between 1969 and 1973, Republic of Vietnam and US forces bombed Cambodia in an effort to disrupt the Viet Cong and Khmer Rouge.

Annam (French protectorate)

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French protectorate encompassing Central Vietnam.

French protectorate encompassing Central Vietnam.

Administrative divisions of the French Protectorate of Annam in 1920.
Map showing the Southward conquest by Vietnamese over 900 years
Administrative divisions of the French Protectorate of Annam in 1920.
Map of the An Nam Empire by Jean-Louis Taberd
Postcard of the Annam Tower, built in Marseilles for the 1906 Colonial Exhibition
An Indochinese primary school completion certificate (Bằng-Cấp Tiểu-Học Cụ-Thề Đông-Pháp) issued by the National Ministry of Education of the Nguyễn dynasty in the year 1939. It has a modern French design but displays traditional symbols like the seal of the minister and the usage of Classical Chinese alongside Romanised Vietnamese.

Before the protectorate's establishment, the name Annam was used in the West to refer to Vietnam as a whole; Vietnamese people were referred to as Annamites.

The region was divided between communist North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam under the terms of the Geneva Accord of 1954.

The name has also been applied to the Annamite Range (la Chaîne Annamitique), a 1100 km mountain range with a height ranging up to 2958 m that divides Vietnam and Laos.

Clockwise from top: After the fall of Dien Bien Phu supporting Laotian troops fall back across the Mekong River into Laos; French Marine commandos wade ashore off the Annam coast in July 1950; M24 Chaffee American light tank used by French in Vietnam; Geneva Conference on 21 July 1954; A Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat from Escadrille 1F prepares to land on operating in the Gulf of Tonkin.

First Indochina War

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The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam) began in French Indochina on December 19, 1946, and lasted until July 20, 1954.

The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam) began in French Indochina on December 19, 1946, and lasted until July 20, 1954.

Clockwise from top: After the fall of Dien Bien Phu supporting Laotian troops fall back across the Mekong River into Laos; French Marine commandos wade ashore off the Annam coast in July 1950; M24 Chaffee American light tank used by French in Vietnam; Geneva Conference on 21 July 1954; A Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat from Escadrille 1F prepares to land on operating in the Gulf of Tonkin.
French Indochina (1913)
Võ Nguyên Giáp and Hồ Chí Minh (1945)
Japanese troops lay down their arms to British troops in a ceremony in Saigon after the surrender of Japan.
Commander of the C.L.I. (Corps Léger d'Intervention) arriving in Indochina.
Telegram from Hồ Chí Minh to U.S. President Harry S. Truman requesting support for independence (Hanoi, February 28, 1946)
Hồ Chí Minh and Marius Moutet shaking hands after signing modus vivendi 1946 after Fontainebleau Agreements
French Marine commandos wade ashore off the Annam coast
A map of dissident activities in Indochina in 1950
General Trình Minh Thế
French foreign airborne 1st BEP firing with an FM 24/29 light machine gun during an ambush (1952)
A Bearcat naval fighter aircraft of the Aéronavale drops napalm on Việt Minh Division 320th's artillery during Operation Mouette (November 1953)
Map of the war in 1954: Orange = Areas under Việt Minh control. Purple = Areas under French control. White-dotted hatch = Areas of Việt Minh guerrilla encampment and fighting.
Captured French soldiers, escorted by Vietnamese troops, walk to a prisoner-of-war camp in Dien Bien Phu
The 1954 Geneva Conference
Student demonstration in Saigon, July 1964, observing the tenth anniversary of the July 1954 Geneva Agreements
French Foreign Legion patrol question a suspected member of the Việt Minh.
China supplied the Việt Minh with hundreds of Soviet-built GAZ-51 trucks during the 1950s.
Anti-communist Vietnamese refugees moving from a French LSM landing ship to the USS Montague (AKA-98) during Operation Passage to Freedom in 1954
Bois Belleau (aka USS Belleau Wood (CVL-24)) transferred to France in 1953
A 1952 F4U-7 Corsair of the 14.F flotilla which fought at Dien Bien Phu
French-marked USAF C-119 flown by CIA pilots over Dien Bien Phu in 1954
A poster celebrating the 60th anniversary of the French recognition of North Vietnamese independence
French Indochina medal, law of August 1, 1953

Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in northern Vietnam, although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia.

A year later, Bảo Đại would be deposed by his prime minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, creating the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).

The Vietnamese construct of race at the time was the one who shared "biological bloodline" or having the common Vietnamese descent.