![Cathedral of Ani, early 11th century, in the medieval Armenian capital of Ani (modern-day Turkey) was built in tuff<ref>{{cite book|last=Hakobyan|first=Tadevos Kh.|author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan|title=Անի մայրաքաղաք [Ani the Capital]|date=1988|publisher=Yerevan University Press|location=Yerevan|page=118|language=hy}}</ref>](https://hyperleap.com/images/9cf1def80599d7231104515504386b5a/200-ccd525fae3d6c096d17bc7b63293f299.jpeg)
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
- VolcanoTuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption.
- TuffLava may be erupted at a volcano or through a fracture in the crust, on land or underwater, usually at temperatures from 800 to 1200 C. The volcanic rock resulting from subsequent cooling is also often called lava.
- Lava2) Lava, the name of magma when it emerges and flows over the surface
- TuffAsh flow tuffs emplaced by such eruptions are the only volcanic product with volumes rivaling those of flood basalts.
- VolcanoCinder cones are formed from tephra or ash and tuff which is thrown from an explosive vent.
- Lava2 related topics with Alpha
Tephra
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Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size, or emplacement mechanism.
Once clasts have fallen to the ground, they remain as tephra unless hot enough to fuse into pyroclastic rock or tuff.
When the volcanoes erupted, whole forests growing in Antarctica were covered in lava.
Komatiite
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Komatiite is a type of ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rock defined as having crystallised from a lava of at least 18 wt% MgO.
Evidence of this is from their association with felsics, occurrences of komatiitic tuffs, niobium anomalies and by S- and H2O-borne rich mineralizations.
Komatiite volcano morphology is interpreted to have the general form and structure of a shield volcano, typical of most large basalt edifices, as the magmatic event which forms komatiites erupts less magnesian materials.