A report on Volcano and Lava

Bromo volcano in Indonesia. This country has more than 130 active volcanoes, one of which is a supervolcano, making Indonesia the country with the most active volcanoes in the world.
10 m lava fountain in Hawaii, United States
Cordillera de Apaneca volcanic range in El Salvador. The country is home to 170 volcanoes, 23 which are active, including two calderas, one being a supervolcano. El Salvador has earned the epithets endearment La Tierra de Soberbios Volcanes, (The Land of Magnificent Volcanoes).
Lava flow during a rift eruption at Krafla, Iceland in 1984
Sabancaya volcano erupting, Peru in 2017
Pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā lava flows side by side in Hawaii, September 2007
Cleveland Volcano in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska photographed from the International Space Station, May 2006
Toes of a pāhoehoe advance across a road in Kalapana on the east rift zone of Kīlauea Volcano in Hawaii, United States
An eruption of Mount Pinatubo on June 12, 1991, three days before its climactic eruption
Columnar jointing in Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland
Fountain of lava erupting from a volcanic cone in Hawaii, 1983
Lava entering the sea to expand the big island of Hawaii, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Aerial view of the Barren Island, Andaman Islands, India, during an eruption in 1995. It is the only active volcano in South Asia.
Lava enters the Pacific at the Big Island of Hawaii
Map showing the divergent plate boundaries (oceanic spreading ridges) and recent sub-aerial volcanoes (mostly at convergent boundaries)
Glowing aā flow front advancing over pāhoehoe on the coastal plain of Kilauea in Hawaii, United States
Lakagigar fissure vent in Iceland, the source of the major world climate alteration of 1783–84, has a chain of volcanic cones along its length.
Pāhoehoe lava from Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, United States
Skjaldbreiður, a shield volcano whose name means "broad shield"
Block lava at Fantastic Lava Beds near Cinder Cone in Lassen Volcanic National Park
Izalco volcano, the youngest volcano in El Salvador. Izalco erupted almost continuously from 1770 (when it formed) to 1958, earning it the nickname of "Lighthouse of the Pacific".
Pillow lava on the ocean floor near Hawaii
Cross-section through a stratovolcano (vertical scale is exaggerated):
Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, is a stratovolcano.
Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai
A forested lava dome in the midst of the Valle Grande, the largest meadow in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico, United States
Pāhoehoe lava flow on Hawaii. The picture shows overflows of a main lava channel.
Shiprock, New Mexico, United States: a volcanic neck in the distance, with a radiating dike on its south side
The Stromboli stratovolcano off the coast of Sicily has erupted continuously for thousands of years, giving rise to its nickname "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean"
450 m-high lava fountain at Kilauea
Columnar-jointed basalt lava erupted from a volcano, South Penghu Marine National Park in Taiwan
Lava can easily destroy entire towns. This picture shows one of over 100 houses destroyed by the lava flow in Kalapana, Hawaii, United States, in 1990.
Light-microscope image of tuff as seen in thin section (long dimension is several mm): The curved shapes of altered glass shards (ash fragments) are well preserved, although the glass is partly altered. The shapes were formed around bubbles of expanding, water-rich gas.
Fresco with Mount Vesuvius behind Bacchus and Agathodaemon, as seen in Pompeii's House of the Centenary
Narcondam Island, India, is classified as a dormant volcano by the Geological Survey of India
Fourpeaked volcano, Alaska, in September 2006 after being thought extinct for over 10,000 years
Mount Rinjani eruption in 1994, in Lombok, Indonesia
Shiprock in New Mexico, US
Capulin Volcano National Monument in New Mexico, US
Koryaksky volcano towering over Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on Kamchatka Peninsula, Far Eastern Russia
Schematic of volcano injection of aerosols and gases
Solar radiation graph 1958–2008, showing how the radiation is reduced after major volcanic eruptions
Sulfur dioxide concentration over the Sierra Negra Volcano, Galapagos Islands, during an eruption in October 2005
Comparison of major United States supereruptions (VEI 7 and 8) with major historical volcanic eruptions in the 19th and 20th century. From left to right: Yellowstone 2.1 Ma, Yellowstone 1.3 Ma, Long Valley 6.26 Ma, Yellowstone 0.64 Ma . 19th century eruptions: Tambora 1815, Krakatoa 1883. 20th century eruptions: Novarupta 1912, St. Helens 1980, Pinatubo 1991.
The Tvashtar volcano erupts a plume 330 km (205 mi) above the surface of Jupiter's moon Io.
Olympus Mons (Latin, "Mount Olympus"), located on the planet Mars, is the tallest known mountain in the Solar System.

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

- Volcano

Lava may be erupted at a volcano or through a fracture in the crust, on land or underwater, usually at temperatures from 800 to 1200 C. The volcanic rock resulting from subsequent cooling is also often called lava.

- Lava
Bromo volcano in Indonesia. This country has more than 130 active volcanoes, one of which is a supervolcano, making Indonesia the country with the most active volcanoes in the world.

15 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Lava flow on Hawaii. Lava is the extrusive equivalent of magma.

Magma

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Molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed.

Molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed.

Lava flow on Hawaii. Lava is the extrusive equivalent of magma.
Phase diagram for the diopside-anorthite system
Schematic diagrams showing the principles behind fractional crystallisation in a magma. While cooling, the magma evolves in composition because different minerals crystallize from the melt. 1: olivine crystallizes; 2: olivine and pyroxene crystallize; 3: pyroxene and plagioclase crystallize; 4: plagioclase crystallizes. At the bottom of the magma reservoir, a cumulate rock forms.
A single silica tetrahedron
Two silica tetrahedra joined by a bridging oxygen ion (tinted pink)

Following its ascent through the crust, magma may feed a volcano and be extruded as lava, or it may solidify underground to form an intrusion, such as a dike, a sill, a laccolith, a pluton, or a batholith.

Komatiite lava at the type locality in the Komati Valley, Barberton Mountainland, South Africa, showing the distinctive "spinifex texture" formed by dendritic plates of olivine (scale shown by a hammer on the right edge of photo)

Komatiite

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Komatiite lava at the type locality in the Komati Valley, Barberton Mountainland, South Africa, showing the distinctive "spinifex texture" formed by dendritic plates of olivine (scale shown by a hammer on the right edge of photo)
Komatiite sample collected from the Abitibi greenstone belt near Englehart, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is 9 cm wide. Bladed olivine crystals are visible, though spinifex texture is weak or absent in this sample.
Graph of komatiite geochemistry MgO% vs Cr ppm, from basal flows, Wannaway, Western Australia
Photomicrograph of a thin section of komatiite showing spinifex texture of pyroxene needle-like crystals
A2 facies dendritic feathery olivine crystals, drill hole WDD18, Widgiemooltha, Western Australia
A3 facies bladed olivine spinifex, drill hole WDD18, Widgiemooltha Komatiite, Western Australia

Komatiite is a type of ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rock defined as having crystallised from a lava of at least 18 wt% MgO.

Komatiite volcano morphology is interpreted to have the general form and structure of a shield volcano, typical of most large basalt edifices, as the magmatic event which forms komatiites erupts less magnesian materials.

Rhyolitic lava dome of Chaitén Volcano during its 2008–2010 eruption

Lava dome

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Rhyolitic lava dome of Chaitén Volcano during its 2008–2010 eruption
One of the Inyo Craters, an example of a rhyolite dome
Nea Kameni seen from Thera, Santorini
Lava domes in the crater of Mount St. Helens
The bulging cryptodome of Mt. St. Helens on April 27, 1980
Soufrière Hills lava spine before the 1997 eruption
Chao dacite coulée flow-domes (left center), northern Chile, viewed from Landsat 8

In volcanology, a lava dome is a circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano.

Mauna Loa, a shield volcano in Hawaii

Shield volcano

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Mauna Loa, a shield volcano in Hawaii
An Ancient Greek warrior's shield–its circular shape and gently sloping surface, with a central raised area, is a shape shared by many shield volcanoes
Skjaldbreiður is a shield volcano in Iceland, whose name means broad shield in Icelandic.
Scaled image showing Olympus Mons, top, and the Hawaiian island chain, bottom. Martian volcanoes are far larger than those found on Earth.
{{okina}}A{{okina}}a advances over solidified pāhoehoe on Kīlauea, Hawai{{okina}}i
A pāhoehoe lava fountain on Kīlauea erupts
A lava lake in the caldera of Erta Ale, an active shield volcano in Ethiopia
Pāhoehoe flows enter the Pacific Ocean on Hawai{{okina}}i island
Puʻu ʻŌʻō, a parasitic cinder cone on Kīlauea, lava fountaining at dusk in June 1983, near the start of its eruptive cycle
Nāhuku, a famous lava tube on Hawai{{okina}}i island, now a tourist attraction in the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park

A shield volcano is a type of volcano named for its low profile, resembling a warrior's shield lying on the ground.

It is formed by the eruption of highly fluid (low viscosity) lava, which travels farther and forms thinner flows than the more viscous lava erupted from a stratovolcano.

Some of the eruptive structures formed during volcanic activity (counterclockwise): a Plinian eruption column, Hawaiian pahoehoe flows, and a lava arc from a Strombolian eruption

Types of volcanic eruptions

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Some of the eruptive structures formed during volcanic activity (counterclockwise): a Plinian eruption column, Hawaiian pahoehoe flows, and a lava arc from a Strombolian eruption
Diagram showing the scale of VEI correlation with total ejecta volume
Diagram of a Hawaiian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lava fountain 3. Crater 4. Lava lake 5. Fumaroles 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Sill 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma chamber 12. Dike) [[:File:Hawaiian Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].
Ropey pahoehoe lava from Kilauea, Hawaii
Diagram of a Strombolian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lapilli 3. Volcanic ash rain 4. Lava fountain 5. Volcanic bomb 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Dike 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma chamber 12. Sill) [[:File:Strombolian Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].
An example of the lava arcs formed during Strombolian activity. This image is of Stromboli itself.
Diagram of a Vulcanian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lapilli 3. Lava fountain 4. Volcanic ash rain 5. Volcanic bomb 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Sill 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma chamber 12. Dike) [[:File:Vulcanian Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version.]]
Tavurvur in Papua New Guinea erupting
Diagram of Peléan eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Volcanic ash rain 3. Lava dome 4. Volcanic bomb 5. Pyroclastic flow 6. Layers of lava and ash 7. Stratum 8. Magma conduit 9. Magma chamber 10. Dike) [[:File:Pelean Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].
Diagram of a Plinian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Magma conduit 3. Volcanic ash rain 4. Layers of lava and ash 5. Stratum 6. Magma chamber) [[:File:Plinian Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].
21 April 1990 eruptive column from Redoubt Volcano, as viewed to the west from the Kenai Peninsula
Lahar flows from the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, which totally destroyed Armero in Colombia
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Diagram of a Surtseyan eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Compressed ash 3. Crater 4. Water 5. Layers of lava and ash 6. Stratum 7. Magma conduit 8. Magma chamber 9. Dike) [[:File:Surtseyan Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].
Diagram of a Submarine eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Water 3. Stratum 4. Lava flow 5. Magma conduit 6. Magma chamber 7. Dike 8. Pillow lava) [[:File:Submarine Eruption-numbers.svg|Click to enlarge]].
A diagram of a Subglacial eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Crater lake 3. Ice 4. Layers of lava and ash 5. Stratum 6. Pillow lava 7. Magma conduit 8. Magma chamber 9. Dike) [[:File:Subglacial Eruption-numbers.svg|Click for larger version]].
Herðubreið, a tuya in Iceland
Diagram of a phreatic eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Magma conduit 3. Layers of lava and ash 4. Stratum 5. Water table 6. Explosion 7. Magma chamber)
Pyroclastic flows at Mayon Volcano, Philippines, 1984
The lava spine that developed after the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée
Mount Lamington following the devastating 1951 eruption
Surtsey, erupting 13 days after breaching the water. A tuff ring surrounds the vent.
The fissure formed by the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera, an example of a fracture zone eruption

Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and volcanic blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists.

Welded tuff from Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico

Tuff

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Welded tuff from Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico
Etruscan tuff blocks from a tomb at Banditaccia
A tuff house in Germany
Light-microscope image of tuff as seen in thin section (long dimension is several mm): The curved shapes of altered glass shards (ash fragments) are well preserved, although the glass is partly altered. The shapes were formed about bubbles of expanding, water-rich gas.
Diamond Head, a tuff cone
Most of the moais in Easter Island are carved out of tholeiite basalt tuff.
Remains of the ancient Servian Walls in Rome, made of tuff blocks
19th century embankment wall built of Brisbane tuff, City of Brisbane
Pilar Formation outcrop showing metatuff beds used for radiometric dating
Layers of fallout tuff in Japan
Rocks from the Bishop tuff in California, unwelded with pumice on left, welded with fiamme on right
Bandelier Tuff at San Diego Canyon. The lower Otowi Member is a single massive cooling unit, while the upper Tshirege Member is composed of multiple cooling units.
Ahu Tongariki on Easter Island, with 15 moai made of tuff from Rano Raraku crater: The second moai from the right has a Pukao ("topknot") which is made of red scoria.
The rhyolitic tuff portal of the "church house" at Colditz Castle, Saxony, designed by Andreas Walther II (1584)
Armenia's Government House in Yerevan's Republic Square, built of yellow tuff
Cathedral of Ani, early 11th century, in the medieval Armenian capital of Ani (modern-day Turkey) was built in tuff<ref>{{cite book|last=Hakobyan|first=Tadevos Kh.|author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan|title=Անի մայրաքաղաք [Ani the Capital]|date=1988|publisher=Yerevan University Press|location=Yerevan|page=118|language=hy}}</ref>

Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption.

2) Lava, the name of magma when it emerges and flows over the surface

Pillow lava on the ocean floor of Hawaii

Pillow lava

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Pillow lava on the ocean floor of Hawaii
Pillow lava near Oamaru, New Zealand
Weathered Archean pillow lava in the Temagami Greenstone Belt of the Canadian Shield
Pillow lava formations from an ophiolite sequence, Northern Apennines, Italy
Pillow lava at Boatman's Harbour near Oamaru, New Zealand.

Pillow lavas are lavas that contain characteristic pillow-shaped structures that are attributed to the extrusion of the lava underwater, or subaqueous extrusion.

They occur wherever lava is extruded underwater, such as along marine hotspot volcano chains and the constructive plate boundaries of mid-ocean ridges.

Carbonatite from Jacupiranga, Brazil. This rock is a mixture of calcite, magnetite, and olivine.

Carbonatite

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Type of intrusive or extrusive igneous rock defined by mineralogic composition consisting of greater than 50% carbonate minerals.

Type of intrusive or extrusive igneous rock defined by mineralogic composition consisting of greater than 50% carbonate minerals.

Carbonatite from Jacupiranga, Brazil. This rock is a mixture of calcite, magnetite, and olivine.
Carbonatite lava at Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania
Magnesiocarbonatite, from Verity-Paradise Carbonatite Complex of British Columbia. Specimen is 75 mm wide.
Okaite, an ultramafic rock found near the carbonatite of the Oka Carbonatite Complex, Oka, Quebec
Thin section of apatite-rich carbonatite in cross polarised transmitted light. The sample is from Siilinjärvi apatite mine.

This is because carbonatite lava flows, being composed largely of soluble carbonates, are easily weathered and are therefore unlikely to be preserved in the geologic record.

Only one carbonatite volcano is known to have erupted in historical time, the active Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania.

Volcanic tephra at Brown Bluff, Antarctica (2016)

Tephra

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Volcanic tephra at Brown Bluff, Antarctica (2016)
Tephra horizons in south-central Iceland: The thick and light-coloured layer at the centre of the photo is rhyolitic tephra from Hekla.
A 2007 eruptive plume at Mount Etna produced volcanic ash, pumice, and lava bombs.
Rocks from the Bishop tuff, uncompressed with pumice on left; compressed with fiamme on right
Volcanic breccia in Jackson Hole
The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument after the 1980 eruption
Satellite image of Chaitén volcano lava dome, Chile: The circular dome is brown and is surrounded by an ash covered landscape.

Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size, or emplacement mechanism.

When the volcanoes erupted, whole forests growing in Antarctica were covered in lava.

Graph summarizing the eruptions of Kïlauea during the past 200 years. The Pu‘u ‘Ö‘ö- Kupaianaha eruption has continued into the 21st century. Information is sketchy for eruptions before 1823, when the first missionaries arrived on the Island of Hawai‘i. The total duration of eruptive activity in a given year, shown by the length of the vertical bar, may be for a single eruption or a combination of several separate eruptions.

Kīlauea

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Active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands.

Active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands.

Graph summarizing the eruptions of Kïlauea during the past 200 years. The Pu‘u ‘Ö‘ö- Kupaianaha eruption has continued into the 21st century. Information is sketchy for eruptions before 1823, when the first missionaries arrived on the Island of Hawai‘i. The total duration of eruptive activity in a given year, shown by the length of the vertical bar, may be for a single eruption or a combination of several separate eruptions.
Rainbow and volcanic ash with sulfur dioxide emissions from Halemaʻumaʻu
Painting of the 1891 eruption
The Mauna Ulu eruption of 1969 generated a 300 m-high lava fountain
Puʻu ʻŌʻō at dusk, June 1983
Lava from a fissure slowly advanced to the northeast on Hoʻokupu Street in Leilani Estates subdivision (May 5, 2018)
Kilauea Volcano Fissure 8 captured on May 3rd, 2019
Two views of Halemaʻumaʻu from roughly the same vantage point. At left is the view from 2008, with a distinct gas plume from the Overlook vent, the location of what would become a long-lived lava lake. At right is a view of Halemaʻumaʻu after the eruptive events of 2018, showing the collapsed crater.
View of the eruption from outside the summit caldera, on December 20, 2020
Ōhia (Metrosideros polymorpha) growing on a barren lava field dating from 1986, formerly the village of Kalapana, Hawaii. The myrtle in this picture, taken in 2009, may have since been covered over—fresh flows in 2010 partially re-covered the area.
The 'amakihi (Chlorodrepanis virens) is one of the many birds that live on the volcano's flanks.
A view from Kīlauea's eastern rift zone captured during a USGS expedition.
View from the edge of Kilauea Iki: across the caldera, Halemaʻumaʻu is emitting fume on the left side of the caldera, while Mauna Loa towers above in the background

Historically, it is the most active of the five volcanoes that together form Hawaii island.

Kīlauea's eruptive history has been a long and active one; its name means "spewing" or "much spreading" in the Hawaiian language, referring to its frequent outpouring of lava.