A report on Lima

"The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Peru" created in 1590 by Guamán Poma and Martín de Murúa. (J. Paul Getty Museum).
The colonial Lima's coat of arms official since 7 December 1537.
Pachacámac, built 3,000 years ago, was one of the most important pre-Columbian centres of pilgrimage on the Peruvian Coast.
"The City of the Kings of Lima, royal high court, principal city of the kingdom of the Indies, residence of the viceroy, and archbishopric of the church", painting of 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark.
Renaissance Lima Metropolitan Cathedral, built between 1602 and 1797.
Baroque Basilica of San Francisco, built between 1657 and 1672.
José de San Martín during the Declaration of Independence of Peru in the Plaza Mayor de Lima, on July 28, 1821.
Lima as seen from the International Space Station
Lima at night from space
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Government Palace of Perú
Palace of Justice, Lima
Lima City Hall
People of Lima.
Market in the Plaza of the Inquisition (Lima) by Johann Moritz Rugendas, ca. 1843.
Pueblos jóvenes on the outskirts of Lima in 2015. Today, many of them are consolidated.
Financial center of San Isidro
The Lima Stock Exchange building.
The Catacombs of the Basilica of San Francisco was the Old cemetery of the city during all the colonial times, until 1810. It contain bones of some 70,000 colonial people.
Huaca Pucllana, pre-Columbian archaeological site located in the district of Miraflores.
The Rococo Casa de Osambela completed in 1805.
Balconies were a common colonial architectural feature in the historic center. In the image the Palacio de Torre Tagle completed in 1735.
Causa limeña
Rococo Basilica of Santo Domingo, built between 1678 and 1766. It holds the tombs of the saints Rose of Lima, Martín de Porres and John Macias.
Northern Lima Southern Lima Eastern Lima
Colonial Casona and Chapel of the National University of San Marcos, it is the second oldest university in the Americas.
Edificio Ministerio de Educación (Ministry of Education), San Borja.
Jorge Chávez International Airport
The Port of Callao.
Sistema Integrado de Transporte Bus System in Arequipa Avenue (Route 301)
El Metropolitano.
Lima Metro.
Traffic Jam in Javier Prado Avenue
San Isidro, Lima from above.
Francisco Pizarro and Diego Almagro portrayed in 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/44/en/text/?open=idm46287306358272|title=Nueva corónica y buen gobierno|page=17|year=1615|author=Guamán Poma|website=Royal Library, Denmark website}}</ref>
Captain Luis de Ávalos de Ayala kills Manco Inca Yupanqui in the conquest of Lima. Chronicle made in 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark. <ref>{{cite book|url=http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/394/en/text/?open=idm46287306144304|title=Nueva corónica y buen gobierno|page=157|author=Guamán Poma|year=1615|website=Royal Library, Denmark website}}</ref>
View of Lima and the Tapada limeña (a colonial women fashion) in a painting of 1842 by d'Orbigny and Benoît. Museum of the Americas, Spain. <ref>{{cite book|url=https://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.do?id=469709|website=Virtual Library of Bibliographic Heritage (Spain) site|title=Viaje pintoresco a las dos Américas, Asia y África : resúmen jeneral de todos los viajes y descubrimientos de... (1842)|series=Viaje pintoresco alrededor del mundo, a las dos Américas, Asia y Africa,4-6|year=1842|publisher=Imprenta y libreria de Juan Oliveres}}</ref>
Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/juanluisorrego/2010/04/09/la-flora-de-lima-introduccion/|title=La flora de Lima: introducción|date=9 April 2010|author=Juan Luis Orrego Penagos|publisher=Pontifical Catholic University of Peru}}</ref>
Colonial Calle de los Judíos (Jewish quarter) (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13|title=Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral|author1=Manuel A. Fuentes|author2=Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.|year=1866|location=University of Chicago Library}}</ref>
Colonial Calles de la Oca and de Bodegones (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13|title=Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral|author1=Manuel A. Fuentes|author2=Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.|year=1866|location=University of Chicago Library}}</ref>
Puente de Piedra Bridge, the former Arco del Puente Gate and the Walls of Lima in 1878 by El Viajero Ilustrado. Old Fund of the University of Seville.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puente De Piedra, Lima|website=Old Fund of the University of Seville|url=https://www.flickr.com/people/37667416@N04}}</ref>
The Museo de la Nación houses thousands of artifacts spanning the entire span of human occupation in Peru.
Museum of Italian Art It's the only European arts museum in Peru, under the administration of the National Culture Institute.
Larco Museum is a privately owned museum of pre-Columbian art that is housed in an 18th-century vice-royal building built over a 7th-century pre-Columbian pyramid.
National Museum of the Archaeology, Anthropology, and History of Peru is the largest and oldest museum in Peru.
Plaza de toros de Acho, the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas.
Estadio Nacional of Peru Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation.
Estadio Monumental "U" It is the highest capacity soccer stadium in South America and one of the largest in the world.
Lima Golf Club (San Isidro District)
Campo de Marte is one of the largest parks in the metropolitan area of Lima.
Lima City Hall

Capital and the largest city of Peru.

- Lima

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Peru

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Country in western South America.

Country in western South America.

Remains of a Caral/Norte Chico pyramid in the arid Supe Valley
Moche earrings depicting warriors, made of turquoise and gold (1–800 CE)
The citadel of Machu Picchu, an iconic symbol of pre-Columbian Peru
Cusco, capital of the Inca Empire
Main façade of the Lima Metropolitan Cathedral and the Archbishop's palace, Lima
The Battle of Ayacucho was decisive in ensuring Peruvian independence.
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The Battle of Angamos, during the War of the Pacific.
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Areas where the Shining Path was active in Peru.
Palacio de Gobierno, in Lima
The Congress of Peru, in Lima
A map of Peru's region and departments
The headquarters of the Andean Community is located in Lima
Peruvian marines in the VRAEM in 2019
Map of Köppen climate classification zones in Peru
Andean cock-of-the-rock, Peru's national bird
Real GDP per capita development of Peru
A proportional representation of Peru exports, 2019
Casa de Osambela, headquarters of the Academia Peruana de la Lengua (APL) in Lima
Quri Kancha and the Convent of Santo Domingo, Cusco
National University of San Marcos, Lima
Moche Nariguera depicting the Decapitator, gold with turquoise and chrysocolla inlays. Museo del Oro del Peru, Lima
'Quipus' were recording devices fashioned from strings historically used by a number of cultures in the region of Andean South America.
Saint Joseph and the Christ Child, Anonymous, Colonial Cusco Painting School, 17th–18th century
Ceviche is a popular lime-marinated seafood dish which originated in Peru.
Marinera Norteña
Francisco Pizarro
Jorge Chávez International Airport, in Callao

Peru has a population of 34 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima.

Location of the Viceroyalty of Peru: Initial territory 1542–1718 (light green) and final de jure territory 1776–1824 (dark green)

Viceroyalty of Peru

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Location of the Viceroyalty of Peru: Initial territory 1542–1718 (light green) and final de jure territory 1776–1824 (dark green)
The Marquess of Salinas del Río Pisuerga, 8th Viceroy of Peru
Location of the Viceroyalty of Peru: Initial territory 1542–1718 (light green) and final de jure territory 1776–1824 (dark green)
Location of the most important Jesuit Reductions, with present political divisions.
Colonized area in its maximum extension ca 1650 (dark green) and the Viceroyalty in 1816 (dark brown)
The Plaza Mayor and the Cathedral of Lima
In The Distrest Poet, William Hogarth's portrait of a Grub Street poet starving to death, there is on the wall behind him a placard entitled "A view of the Gold Mines of Peru", reflecting the common perception of Spanish Peru as being an economically welcoming place for immigrants.
The Battle of Ayacucho
Charles I, King of Spain and the Indies. The Viceroyalty of Peru was founded under his reign.
The audiencia subdivisions of the Viceroyalty of Peru c. 1650, as numbered in the article.
Silver coin: 8 reales Carlos IV, Viceroyalty of Peru - 1800
Potosí with Cerro Rico
The social classes in the Viceroyalty of Peru: Pink and fuchsia colors represented the lowest demographic class - the slaves were at the lowest level, above which were poor Spaniards, native people, mestizos, free dark-skinned people and the castas; yellow color were the middle social class - traders, noble natives, corregidors; and green color of the pyramid was the upper class - the oidors and Tribunal del Consulado's traders.
Pin (Tupu), 18th century., Brooklyn Museum, Peru's indigenous elite used visual traditions to negotiate power and privilege through self-representation. High-ranking Andean women wore untailored dresses called anacus throughout the colonial period, typically topped with a lliclla, a mantle or shawl worn across the shoulders, and secured with one or more tupus, metal pins with large, often elaborately worked, ornamental heads
Santa Rosa de Lima
1534 Portuguese America according to the Treaty of Tordesillas
1750 Portuguese America according to the Treaty of Madrid (1750)

The Viceroyalty of Peru (Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, governed from the capital of Lima.

Globalization and World Cities Research Network

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Think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization.

Think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization.

🇵🇪 Lima

An updated Köppen–Geiger climate map

Köppen climate classification

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One of the most widely used climate classification systems.

One of the most widely used climate classification systems.

An updated Köppen–Geiger climate map
Tropical climate distribution
Dry climate distribution
Temperate climate distribution
Continental climate distribution
The snowy city of Sapporo
Polar climate distribution
North America
Europe
Russia
Central Asia
East Asia
South America
Africa
Western Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Melanesia/Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
Tropical climate distribution

Lima, Peru (BWh)

Buenos Aires

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Capital and primate city of Argentina.

Capital and primate city of Argentina.

Our Lady of Buen Aire in front of the National Migration Department
Juan de Garay founding Buenos Aires in 1580. The initial settlement, founded by Pedro de Mendoza, had been abandoned since 1542.
Aldus verthoont hem de stadt Buenos Ayrros geleegen in Rio de la Plata, painting by a Dutch sailor who anchored at the port around 1628.
Emeric Essex Vidal, General view of Buenos Ayres from the Plaza de Toros, 1820. In this area now lies the Plaza San Martín.
Impression of the Buenos Aires Cathedral by Carlos Pellegrini, 1829.
View of the Avenida de Mayo in 1915
Construction of the Obelisk of Buenos Aires on the 9 de Julio Avenue, 1936.
9 de Julio Avenue, 1986.
Catalinas Norte is an important business complex composed of nineteen commercial office buildings and occupied by numerous leading Argentine companies, foreign subsidiaries, and diplomatic offices. It is located in the Retiro and San Nicolás neighborhoods.
Satellite view of the Greater Buenos Aires area, and the Río de la Plata.
Buenos Aires Botanical Garden
Heavy rain and thunderstorm in Plaza San Martin. Thunderstorms are usual during the summer.
The Buenos Aires City Hall in the right corner of the entrance to the Avenida de Mayo
Metropolitan Police of Buenos Aires City
The Immigrants' Hotel, constructed in 1906, received and assisted the thousands of immigrants arriving to the city. The hotel is now a National Museum.
Villa 31, a villa miseria in Buenos Aires
The Metropolitan Cathedral is the main Catholic church in the city.
The Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, the main stock exchange and financial center of Argentina.
Headquarters of the National Bank of Argentina, the national bank and the largest in the country's banking sector.
Buenos Aires Bus, the city's tourist bus service. The official estimate is that the bus carries between 700 and 800 passengers per day, and has carried half a million passengers since its opening.
Monument to the Carta Magna and Four Regions of Argentina in the neighborhood of Palermo
The Centro Cultural Kirchner (Kirchner Cultural Center), located at the former Central Post Office, is the largest of Latin America.
Homage to Buenos Aires, a mural located at the Carlos Gardel station of the Buenos Aires Underground. It represents a typical scene from the city and several of its icons, such as singer Carlos Gardel, the Obelisco, the port, tango dancing and the Abasto market.
Buenos Aires Museum of Modern Art.
MALBA
The interior of El Ateneo Grand Splendid, a celebrated bookstore located in the barrio of Recoleta.
Tango dancers during the World tango dance tournament.
The Buenos Aires Philharmonic.
Gaumont Cinema opened in 1912.
A screening at Parque Centenario, as part of the 2011 edition of BAFICI
A fashion show at the Planetarium in 2013, as part of BAFWEEK.
View of Bolívar Street facing the Cabildo and Diagonal Norte, on Buenos Aires' historical center. The city's characteristic convergence of diverse architectural styles can be seen, including Spanish Colonial, Beaux-Arts and modernist architecture.
Teatro Colón.
Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, a public high school in Buenos Aires, and it is one of the most prestigious in Argentina and Latin America.
University of Buenos Aires' Law School in Recoleta
July 9 Avenue
Aeroparque Jorge Newbery
A Mitre Line Trenes Argentinos train in Retiro railway station
Map of the Greater Buenos Aires Commuter Rail Network
EcoBici.
200 Series rolling stock at San José de Flores station, Buenos Aires Underground.
Buenos Aires Underground map
Metrobus, Paseo del Bajo.
Buquebus high-speed ferries connect Buenos Aires to Uruguay
Campo Argentino de Polo, home of the Argentine Open Polo Championship, the most important global event of this discipline
La Bombonera during a night game of Copa Libertadores between Boca Juniors v. Colo Colo.
Luna Park

During most of the 17th century, Spanish ships were menaced by pirates, so they developed a complex system where ships with military protection were dispatched to Central America in a convoy from Seville (the only port allowed to trade with the colonies) to Lima, Peru, and from it to the inner cities of the viceroyalty.

Tower at the University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras, showing (right) the emblem of Harvard Universitythe oldest in the United Statesand (left) that of University of San Marcosthe oldest in the Americas.

National University of San Marcos

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Tower at the University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras, showing (right) the emblem of Harvard Universitythe oldest in the United Statesand (left) that of University of San Marcosthe oldest in the Americas.
Mural dedicated to research and knowledge (Main Library).
Class of Jurisprudence and Law of 1896 posing in front of department's water fountain
Oil painting commemorating the foundation of the University of Lima (later named San Marcos), officially the first university in Peru and the Americas, and his manager Friar Tomas of San Martin
The historic chapter house at the Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo, where the University of San Marcos began its operations
Drawing showing the old facade of the premises where the University of San Marcos functioned throughout the Peruvian viceroyalty. Later this place would be transferred to the nascent Congress of Peru.
Local University of San Marcos in 1920, the famous "Casona de San Marcos is currently the Centro Cultural de San Marcos
Welcome Mural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, as he mentioned the official date of its foundation: May 12 of 1551
La Casona de San Marcos, used as the cultural center
Jorge Basadre building, used for administrative functions
Main library
San Marcos University Press
San Marcos University Gym
San Marcos University Stadium
Metallica concert at University of San Marcos
Monument of Fray Tomas de San Martín
Main auditorium
San Marcos University Clinic
Institute of Tropical Medicine
Museum of Natural History
Oil referring to the founding of the University of San Marcos, officially the first university in Peru and America, and its manager Fray Tomás de San Martín.
The First Constituent Congress of Peru, was chaired by Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza and held in the chapel of the University of San Marcos on September 20, 1822.
During the 20th century, the students of the University of San Marcos had an active participation in the intellectual, political and social events of Peru. In the photo: President Augusto Leguía after a speech at the university.
Mural dedicated to the foundation and history of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, located in the headquarters of the “Jorge Basadre” rectorate. Made by the Peruvian muralist Domingo Huamán Peñaloza.
The Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa, Nobel Prize for Literature 2010. In 2011, his alma mater distinguished him with the highest decoration: the San Marcos Medal of Honor in the degree of Grand Cross.
View of the main square of the University City; on the left side is the “Jorge Basadre” rectorate; on the right side the University Library; in the center the monument of Fray Tomás de San Martín.
View of the Cultural Center of the National University of San Marcos; on the left side is the University Park, the German Tower, and monuments of illustrious San Marcos; on the right side the historic Casona de San Marcos and the Panteón de los Próceres.
View of the "San Fernando" campus of the University of San Marcos; on the left side the pharmacology room can be seen; On the right side, the main entrance of the “San Fernando” Faculty of Medicine, with a monument to Hipólito Unanue inside.
Royal Decree in which Emperor Carlos V authorized the official creation of the first university in America on May 12, 1551: the University of San Marcos, then the Royal University of Lima.
Illustration about universities in the West Indies: The University of San Marcos is described as the first in the Americas to be officially founded by Real Cédula.
Flag of the University of San Marcos, the emblem represents the institution, and the white background the variety of academic colors of each faculty.

The National University of San Marcos (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, UNMSM) is a public research university located in Lima, the capital of Peru.

Lima metropolitan area

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Map showing six subregions of the Lima metropolitan area

The Lima Metropolitan Area (Área Metropolitana de Lima, also known as Lima Metropolitana) is an area formed by the conurbation of the Peruvian provinces of Lima (the nation's capital) and Callao.

Lima Province

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Located in the central coast of Peru and is the only province in the country not belonging to any of the twenty-five regions.

Located in the central coast of Peru and is the only province in the country not belonging to any of the twenty-five regions.

Plaza Mayor in Lima, Peru.
Andean Mountain basal stone monument in Lima, Peru (Taulichusco Monument)
Municipal Palace, headquarters of the Municipality

Its capital is Lima, which is also the nation's capital.

Callao

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Seaside city and region on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area.

Seaside city and region on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area.

Callao Harbor (1744)
Historic map (1888)
Sea lions in the Palomino Islands
Aero Cóndor and LAN Airlines planes

El Callao was founded by Spanish colonists in 1537, just two years after Lima (1535).

Map showing changes of territory caused by the War of the Pacific. Earlier maps (1879) show different lines of the border between Bolivia-Peru and Bolivia-Argentina.

War of the Pacific

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War between Chile and a Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884.

War between Chile and a Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884.

Map showing changes of territory caused by the War of the Pacific. Earlier maps (1879) show different lines of the border between Bolivia-Peru and Bolivia-Argentina.
Chilean lieutenant Solo Zaldívar and two soldiers burying three Bolivian soldiers after the Battle of Tacna. The elevation behind them is also a burial ground of victims.
All territorial claims by Chile in 1879
Martiniano Urriola, with kepi, the commander of the occupation of Ayacucho in 1883, and Marcos Maturana, with poncho, the general chief of staff chief of the Expeditionary Army during the Lima Campaign; they view the dead bodies of a Peruvian gun crew after the Battle of Chorrillos.
A metallic brass cartridge for a Fusil Gras mle 1874 and a paper cartridge for a Chassepot rifle. The brass cartridge avoided the smoke and ashes of the self-consuming paper cartridge.
Almost all Chilean military operations began by landings. The exceptions were the operations in the Sierra.
Battle of Iquique
Battle of San Francisco
Landing and deployment of Chilean and Allied troops during the Campaign of Tarapacá, in November 1879.
Battle of Tarapacá
Photo of Chilean private first class Tránsito Diaz, injured during the landing on Pisagua. The photo belongs to the "Álbum de inválidos de la Guerra del Pacífico", 130 photographic records ordered by the D. Santa María government to demonstrate the pensions and orthopedic devices given to disabled war veterans. Ten percent of the expeditionary force, 4,081 Chilean soldiers, returned disabled from the war. In 2008, 280 women were receiving a pension as the daughter or wife of a veteran.
Landing and deployment of Chilean and Allied troops during the Campaign of Tacna and Arica from January to June 1880.
Lynch's Expedition to Chimbote, Supe, Paita, Eten and islas de Lobos, from September to October 1880.
Landing and deployment of Chilean troops during the Campaign of Lima, from November 1880 to January 1881. The long way from Pisco to Chilca was done only by the Lynch brigade.
Chorrillos was the preferred seaside resort of Lima's aristocracy before the war, but during the Battle of Chorrillos, the Peruvian line of defense ran in the middle of the city and was shelled, set on fire, looted, and reduced to rubble during the conflict. At the end of the battle, bitter fighting had raged in every ruin and street.
Battle of Miraflores
Chorrillos, and the consequences of the war. January 1881
Sierra Campaign
A Chilean soldier with the "Peruvian wart," or Carrion's disease, who was infected probably in the valleys of the Rimac River during the war in the sierra.
Flow of news during the War. Distances in kilometers are great-circle distance, for land and sea routes.
Human remains of Bolivian, Chilean and Peruvian soldiers exhumed from makeshift graves after the Battle of Tacna before their definitive interment in the Mausoleum of the Tacna cemetery in 1910.
Caricature in the Chilean magazine Padre Cobos. Minister Balmaceda washes his hands of responsibility and orders Intendent of Santiago Mackenna to get rid of the heavy Peruvian lion. The Santiago elite observes with pleasure the arrival of the statue. "Padre Cobos" and a black child play around.
Chile's territorial gains after the War of the Pacific
1793 Map of Andrés Baleato showing Peru and Chile's border inside the Spanish Empire.

Chilean forces occupied Peru's capital Lima in January 1881.