A report on Lithium (medication)

A bottle of lithium medicine containing 300 mg capsules of lithium carbonate.

Certain lithium compounds, also known as lithium salts, are used as psychiatric medication, primarily for bipolar disorder and for major depressive disorder that does not improve following the use of antidepressants.

- Lithium (medication)
A bottle of lithium medicine containing 300 mg capsules of lithium carbonate.

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Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and mania.

Bipolar disorder

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Mood disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally-elevated happiness that last from days to weeks each.

Mood disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally-elevated happiness that last from days to weeks each.

Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of depression and mania.
Bipolar mood shifts
An 1892 color lithograph depicting a woman diagnosed with hilarious mania
An 1858 lithograph captioned 'Melancholy passing into mania'
'Melancholy' by William Bagg, after a photograph by Hugh Welch Diamond
Brain imaging studies have revealed differences in the volume of various brain regions between patients with bipolar disorder and healthy control subjects.
Since Emil Kraepelin's distinction between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in the 19th century, researchers have defined a spectrum of different types of bipolar disorder.
Simplified graphical comparison of bipolar I, bipolar II and cyclothymia
Lithium is the only medication approved by the FDA for treating mania in children.
Lithium is often used to treat bipolar disorder and has the best evidence for reducing suicide.
German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin first distinguished between manic–depressive illness and "dementia praecox" (now known as schizophrenia) in the late 19th century.
Singer Rosemary Clooney's public revelation of bipolar disorder made her an early celebrity spokesperson for mental illness.

Mood stabilizers—lithium and certain anticonvulsants such as valproate and carbamazepine as well as atypical antipsychotics such as aripiprazole—are the mainstay of long-term pharmacologic relapse prevention.

Olanzapine, an example of a second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic

Antipsychotic

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Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders.

Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders.

Olanzapine, an example of a second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic
Chlorpromazine
Haloperidol
Quetiapine
Advertisement for Thorazine (chlorpromazine) from the 1950s, reflecting the perceptions of psychosis, including the now-discredited perception of a tendency towards violence, from the time when antipsychotics were discovered

Antipsychotics are routinely used, often in conjunction with mood stabilisers such as lithium/valproate, as a first-line treatment for manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder.

Sorrowing Old Man (At Eternity's Gate)
by Vincent van Gogh (1890)

Major depressive disorder

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Mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

Mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

Sorrowing Old Man (At Eternity's Gate)
by Vincent van Gogh (1890)
An 1892 lithograph of a woman diagnosed with melancholia
A cup analogy demonstrating the diathesis–stress model that under the same amount of stressors, person 2 is more vulnerable than person 1, because of their predisposition.
Caricature of a man with depression
Physical exercise is one recommended way to manage mild depression.
Sertraline (Zoloft) is used primarily to treat major depression in adults.
Diagnoses of depression go back at least as far as Hippocrates.
The 16th American president, Abraham Lincoln, had "melancholy", a condition that now may be referred to as clinical depression.

Lithium appears effective at lowering the risk of suicide in those with bipolar disorder and unipolar depression to nearly the same levels as the general population.

A bottle of lithium capsules. Lithium is the "classic" mood stabilizer.

Mood stabilizer

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Psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by intense and sustained mood shifts, such as bipolar disorder and the bipolar type of schizoaffective disorder.

Psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by intense and sustained mood shifts, such as bipolar disorder and the bipolar type of schizoaffective disorder.

A bottle of lithium capsules. Lithium is the "classic" mood stabilizer.

Lithium – Lithium is the "classic" mood stabilizer, the first to be approved by the US FDA, and still popular in treatment. Therapeutic drug monitoring is required to ensure lithium levels remain in the therapeutic range: 0.6 or 0.8-1.2 mEq/L (or millimolar). Signs and symptoms of toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and ataxia. The most common side effects are lethargy and weight gain. The less common side effects of using lithium are blurred vision, a slight tremble in the hands, and a feeling of being mildly ill. In general, these side effects occur in the first few weeks after commencing lithium treatment. These symptoms can often be improved by lowering the dose.

Ritalin sustained-release (SR) 20 mg tablets

Psychiatric medication

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Psychoactive drug taken to exert an effect on the chemical makeup of the brain and nervous system.

Psychoactive drug taken to exert an effect on the chemical makeup of the brain and nervous system.

Ritalin sustained-release (SR) 20 mg tablets

In 1948, lithium was first used as a psychiatric medicine.

Graphical representation of mania, cyclothymia and hypomania

Mania

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Mental and behavioral disorder defined as a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level, or "a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together with lability of affect."

Mental and behavioral disorder defined as a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level, or "a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together with lability of affect."

Graphical representation of mania, cyclothymia and hypomania

The acute treatment of a manic episode of bipolar disorder involves the utilization of either a mood stabilizer (carbamazepine, valproate, lithium, or lamotrigine) or an atypical antipsychotic (olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, aripiprazole or cariprazine).

The skeleton structure of the SNRI venlafaxine, a typical example of an antidepressant.

Antidepressant

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Antidepressants are medications used to treat major depressive disorder, some anxiety disorders, some chronic pain conditions, and to help manage some addictions.

Antidepressants are medications used to treat major depressive disorder, some anxiety disorders, some chronic pain conditions, and to help manage some addictions.

The skeleton structure of the SNRI venlafaxine, a typical example of an antidepressant.
The skeleton structure of the SNRI venlafaxine, a typical example of an antidepressant.
Blister pack of Prozac (fluoxetine), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
The chemical structure of venlafaxine (Effexor), an SNRI
St John's wort
Structural formula of the SSRI sertraline

These include lithium and thyroid augmentation, dopamine agonists, sex steroids, NRIs, glucocorticoid-specific agents, or the newer anticonvulsants.

Lithium carbonate

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Inorganic compound, the lithium salt of carbonate with the formula.

Inorganic compound, the lithium salt of carbonate with the formula.

It is listed on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines because it can be used as a treatment for mood disorders such as bipolar disorder.

A depressive man standing by a country pond in the pouring rain

Mood disorder

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Affective disorder, is any of a group of conditions of mental and behavioral disorder where a disturbance in the person's mood is the main underlying feature.

Affective disorder, is any of a group of conditions of mental and behavioral disorder where a disturbance in the person's mood is the main underlying feature.

A depressive man standing by a country pond in the pouring rain

Bipolar disorder medications can consist of antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants and/or lithium.

Person with a headache

Headache

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Symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck.

Symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck.

Person with a headache
An old advertisement for a headache medicine
An 1819 caricature by George Cruikshank depicting a headache

hypnic headache: moderate-severe headache that starts a few hours after falling asleep and lasts 15–30 minutes. The headache may recur several times during night. Hypnic headaches are usually in older women. They may be treated with lithium.