A report on Lithuania and Sub-replacement fertility

Countries by crude birth rate (CBR) in 2014

Americans with a bachelor's degree or higher by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2019.

Baltic amber was once a valuable trade resource. It was transported from the region of modern-day Lithuania to the Roman Empire and Egypt through the Amber Road.

Child labor is common in many parts of the world

Changes in the territory of Lithuania from the 13th to 15th century. At its peak, Lithuania was the largest state in Europe. Lithuania's strength was its toleration of various cultures and religions.

Human Development Index map. Darker is higher.

Trakai Island Castle, the former residence of the Grand Dukes and capital city of the medieval state

The Danshan, Sichuan Province Nongchang Village people Public Affairs Bulletin Board in September 2005 noted that RMB 25,000 in social compensation fees were owed in 2005, for violation of the one child policy. Thus far 11,500 RMB had been collected, so another 13,500 RMB had to be collected.

Battle of Grunwald and Vytautas the Great in the centre

Japan, a highly developed country, has low fertility rates and a rapidly aging population

The victory of the Polish-Lithuanian forces over the Muscovites at the Battle of Orsha in 1514

Infant mortality rates, under age 1, in 2013. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest infant mortality rate, as well as the highest TFR.

Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius, marked 6, in 1600

Emilia Plater, often nicknamed as a Lithuanian Joan of Arc, leading peasant scythemen during the 1831 uprising

Bishop Motiejus Valančius resisted Russification. He urged protest against the closing of Catholic churches and organised book printing in Lithuanian in Lithuania Minor

The original 20 members of the Council of Lithuania after signing the Act of Independence of Lithuania, 16 February 1918.

Lithuanian armoured train Gediminas 3, used in Lithuanian Wars of Independence and Lithuanian soldiers

Antanas Smetona was the first and last president of interbellum Lithuania (1919–1920, 1926–1940)

Lituanica above New York in 1933. The transatlantic flight was one of the most precise in aviation history. It equaled, and in some aspects surpassed, Charles Lindbergh's classic flight.

Soldiers of the Red Army enter the territory of Lithuania during the first Soviet occupation in 1940.

Lithuanian resistance fighters. The armed resistance was 50,000 strong at its peak.

Site of the Paneriai massacre, where the German Nazis and their collaborators executed up to 100,000 people of various nationalities. About 70,000 of them were Jews.

Monument in Naujoji Vilnia in memory of the Soviet deportations from Lithuania

The Baltic Way was a mass anti-Soviet demonstration where approx. 25% of the population of the Baltic states participated

An Anti-Soviet rally in Vingis Park of about 250,000 people. Sąjūdis was a movement which led to the restoration of an Independent State of Lithuania.

On 13 January 1991, Soviet forces fired live rounds at unarmed independence supporters and crushed two of them with tanks, killing 13 in total. To this day, Russia refuses to extradite the perpetrators, who were convicted of war crimes.

Physical map and geomorphological subdivision of Lithuania.

White stork is the national bird of Lithuania which has the highest-density stork population in Europe.

Commemoration of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania in the historical Seimas hall where it was originally signed in 1990. The ceremony is attended by the Lithuanian President, Prime Minister, Chairman of the Seimas and other high-ranking officials.

Statutes of Lithuania were the central piece of Lithuanian law in 1529–1795

Lithuanian police cruiser in Gediminas Avenue, Vilnius

Stamp dedicated to Lithuania's presidency of the European Union. Post of Lithuania, 2013.

Lithuania was recently a member of the United Nations Security Council. Its representatives are on the right side.

Lithuanian Army soldiers with their NATO allies during Iron Sword 2014

Lithuanian Army soldiers marching with their dress uniforms in Vilnius. An officer stands out with a sword.

Real GPD per capita development of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

Lithuania's GDP per capita compared to rest of the world (2020)

Lithuania, GNI per capita, PPP (current international $), 2016

A proportional representation of Lithuania exports, 2019

Nasdaq Vilnius Stock Exchange, located in K29 business centre in Konstitucijos Avenue, Vilnius

LituanicaSAT-2 in the thermal-vacuum chamber.

Marijampolė railway station, completed in 1924

Kaunas Clinics is the largest and the most advanced medical institution in Lithuania.

Vilnius University, one of the oldest universities in the region. It was established by Stephen Báthory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, in 1579.

Vilnius University Life Sciences Center in the Sunrise Valley

The earliest known Lithuanian glosses (between 1520 and 1530) written in the margins of Johannes Herolt book Liber Discipuli de eruditione Christifidelium. Words: teprÿdav[ſ]ʒÿ (let it strike), vbagÿſte (indigence)

The first Lithuanian printed book Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas (1547, Königsberg)

The title page of Radivilias (1592, Vilnius). The poem celebrating commander Mikalojus Radvila Rudasis (1512–1584) and recounts the famous victory of Lithuanian Armed Forces over Moscow troops (1564).

Vilnius Cathedral by Laurynas Gucevičius

Gryčia (traditional dwelling house, built in the 19th century)

Kings' Fairy Tale (1908–1909) by Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis

Romuva Cinema, the oldest still operational cinema in Lithuania

Rock band Antis, which under firm censorship actively mocked the Soviet Union regime by using metaphors in their lyrics, during an Anti-Sovietism, Anti-communism concert in 1987

Cepelinai, a potato-based dumpling dish characteristic of Lithuanian cuisine with meat, curd or mushrooms

Lithuania has longlasting beer brewing traditions

Lithuania men's national basketball team is ranked eighth worldwide in FIBA Rankings.

Only a few countries have had, for the time being, sufficiently sustained sub-replacement fertility (sometimes combined with other population factors like higher emigration than immigration) to have population decline, such as Japan, Germany, Lithuania, and Ukraine.

- Sub-replacement fertility

Lithuania has a sub-replacement fertility rate: the total fertility rate (TFR) in Lithuania is 1.59 children born/woman (2015 estimates).

- Lithuania

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Statue representing Europa at Palazzo Ferreria, in Valletta, Malta

Europe

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Landmass, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

First map of the world according to Anaximander (6th century BC)

A medieval T and O map printed by Günther Zainer in 1472, showing the three continents as domains of the sons of Noah — Asia to Sem (Shem), Europe to Iafeth (Japheth) and Africa to Cham (Ham)

A New Map of Europe According to the Newest Observations (1721) by Hermann Moll draws the eastern boundary of Europe along the Don River flowing south-west and the Tobol, Irtysh and Ob rivers flowing north

1916 political map of Europe showing most of Moll's waterways replaced by von Strahlenberg's Ural Mountains and Freshfield's Caucasus Crest, land features of a type that normally defines a subcontinent

Paleolithic cave paintings from Lascaux in France ( 15,000 BCE)

Stonehenge in the United Kingdom (Late Neolithic from 3000 to 2000 BCE).

Animation showing the growth and division of the Roman Empire (years CE)

Viking raids and division of the Frankish Empire at the Treaty of Verdun in 843

The maritime republics of medieval Italy reestablished contacts between Europe, Asia and Africa with extensive trade networks and colonies across the Mediterranean, and had an essential role in the Crusades.

Tancred of Sicily and Philip II of France, during the Third Crusade (1189–1192)

The sacking of Suzdal by Batu Khan in 1238, during the Mongol invasion of Europe.

The School of Athens by Raphael (1511): Contemporaries, such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci (centre), are portrayed as classical scholars of the Renaissance.

Habsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The principal military base of Philip II in Europe was the Spanish road stretching from the Netherlands to the Duchy of Milan.

The national boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna

Marshall's Temple Works (1840), the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain

Map of European colonial empires throughout the world in 1914.

Map depicting the military alliances of World War I in 1914–1918

Serbian war efforts (1914–1918) cost the country one quarter of its population.

Nazi Germany began a devastating World War II in Europe by its leader, Adolf Hitler. Here Hitler, on the right, with his closest ally, the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, in 1940

Bombed and burned-out buildings in Hamburg, 1944/45

The "Big Three" at the Yalta Conference in 1945; seated (from the left): Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin

The Schuman Declaration led to the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community. It began the integration process of the European Union (9 May 1950, at the French Foreign Ministry).

Flag of Europe, adopted by the Council of Europe in 1955 as the flag for the whole of Europe

Map of populous Europe and surrounding regions showing physical, political and population characteristics, as per 2018

Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for Europe.

The Volga, as seen in Yaroslavl. It flows from Central Russia and into the Caspian Sea and is the longest river in Europe.

Mount Elbrus in Southern Russia, is the highest mountain in Europe.

Europa Point as seen from the Strait of Gibraltar, which separates the continents of Europe and Africa, also being between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

The Danube, as seen in Đerdap National Park. It flows from the Black Forest and into the Black Sea and is the second-longest river in Europe, which also passes through the largest number of countries in the world at 10.

Sutjeska National Park contains Perućica, which is one of the last remaining primeval forests in Europe.

Land use map of Europe with arable farmland (yellow), forest (dark green), pasture (light green) and tundra, or bogs, in the north (dark yellow)

Floristic regions of Europe and neighbouring areas, according to Wolfgang Frey and Rainer Lösch

Biogeographic regions of Europe and bordering regions

A brown bear near the Russian border in the forests of Kainuu, Finland

Once roaming the great temperate forests of Eurasia, European bison now live in nature preserves in Białowieża Forest, on the border between Poland and Belarus.

One of Kosovo's main economical sources is mining, because it has large reserves of lead, zinc, silver, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron and bauxite. Miners at the Trepča Mines in Mitrovica, Kosovo in 2011.

Population growth in and around Europe in 2021

Map purportedly displaying the European continent split along cultural and state borders as proposed by the German organization Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN).

Tallinn, the medieval capital of Estonia in the Baltic States, is a mixture of Western and Eastern architectural cultures.

Russia was plunged into the Russian Revolution, which threw down the Tsarist monarchy and replaced it with the communist Soviet Union, leading also to the independence of many former Russian governorates, such as Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as new European countries.

Most of Europe is in a mode of sub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is being less populous than the older.