A report on Lombardy, Veneto and Northern Italy

Pizzo Coca is the highest peak in the Bergamasque Alps (3,050 m)

Venice, the primary tourist destination and the capital of Veneto

Ancient peoples of Northern Italy, with Celtic peoples shown in blue.

The Adda, the longest river within the region and tributary of the Po

Migration of the Lombards towards Northern Italy

Member cities of the first and second Lombard League.

The Rock Drawings in Valcamonica are among the largest collections of prehistoric petroglyphs in the world.

The Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries a symbol of the Kings of Italy

For centuries, the Iron Crown of Lombardy was used in the Coronation of the King of Italy.

Anti-Fascist Partisans in the streets of Bologna after the general insurrection of April 1945

The Alps in Val Maira, Province of Cuneo

The Tetrarchs were the four co-rulers who governed the Roman Empire as long as Diocletian's reform lasted. Here they are portrayed embracing, in a posture of harmony, in a porphyry sculpture dating from the 4th century, produced in Anatolia, located today on a corner of St Mark's Basilica in Venice.

Farming landscape in the Po Plain at Sant'Agata Bolognese

The Consulta of the République cisalpine receives the First Consul on 26 January 1802

The Horses of Saint Mark, brought as loot from Constantinople in 1204.

Alpine lakes like Lake Garda are characterised by warmer microclimates than the surrounding areas

An 18th-century view of Venice by Canaletto.

Fog on the Secchia River near Modena. Fog is a common occurrence in the Po Plain

A view over the business district of Milan: with a metropolitan area of 7.4m people, it is Italy's most important industrial, commercial and financial center.

The 13th-century Castel Brando in Cison di Valmarino, Treviso.

Languages and regional varieties in Italy

Palazzo Lombardia, the main seat of the government of Lombardy.

The provinces/metropolitan cities of Lombardy

St Mark's Basilica, the seat of the Patriarch of Venice.

The Last Supper, Convent of Sta. Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy (1499), by Leonardo da Vinci

The Prato della Valle in Padua, a work of Italian Renaissance architecture.

Antonio Canova's Psyche Revived by Love's Kiss.

The Floating Piers by Christo and Jeanne-Claude on Lake Iseo (2016)

The Church of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice

Gorgonzola cheese takes its name from the homonymous city near Milan

The auditorium of the Teatro alla Scala in Milan.

Dolce & Gabbana is headquartered in Milan.

Provolone Valpadana (pasta filata cheese)

A trait that shows the structure of the Calà del Sasso

Non-administrative, it consists of eight administrative Regions in northern Italy: Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige.

- Northern Italy

After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna, the Republic was combined with Lombardy and annexed to the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, until that was merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866, as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence.

- Veneto

It is bordered by Switzerland (north: Canton Ticino and Canton Graubünden) and by the Italian regions of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto (east), Emilia-Romagna (south), and Piedmont (west).

- Lombardy

Lombardy counts many protected areas: the most important are the Stelvio National Park (the largest Italian natural park), with typically alpine wildlife: red deer, roe deer, ibex, chamois, foxes, ermine and also golden eagles; and the Ticino Valley Natural Park, instituted in 1974 on the Lombard side of the Ticino River to protect and conserve one of the last major examples of fluvial forest in northern Italy.

- Lombardy

In 1167 an alliance (called the Lombard League) was formed among the Venetian cities such as Padua, Treviso, Vicenza, and Verona with other cities of Northern Italy to assert their rights against the Holy Roman Emperor.

- Veneto

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The Padan Plain in Northern Italy (green) and the Po river basin in the Plain (red circle)

Po Valley

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Map showing the river Po and tributaries in the Padan Plain. Note the numerous Italian Lakes on the margin of the Alps.

The regions of Italy as defined by the government of Italy. According to the Po Basin Water Board, the valley includes: 14) Piedmont, 2) Aosta Valley, 11) Lombardy, 20) Veneto, 10) Liguria, 7) Emilia-Romagna, 17) Trentino-Alto Adige, and 8) Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Carmagnola, countryside near the river Po

Rice fields in the province of Vercelli, eastern Piedmont.

Landscape of the Bassa: a farm in the province of Cremona, southern Lombardy.

Natural vegetation (central-European broadleaved trees) of the Padan Plain

The Po Valley as seen by the ESA's Sentinel-2.

1585 map depicting the eastern Po Valley and river delta, Vatican Museums.

The Po Valley, Po Plain, Plain of the Po, or Padan Plain (Pianura Padana, or Val Padana) is a major geographical feature of Northern Italy.

The flatlands of Veneto and Friuli are often considered apart since they do not drain into the Po, but they effectively combine into an unbroken plain, making it the largest in Southern Europe.

The valley is broadly divided into an upper, drier part, often not particularly suited for agriculture, and a lower, very fertile, and well-irrigated section, known in Lombardy and western Emilia as la Bassa, "the low (plain)".

Lega Nord

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Lega Nord (Northern League; abbr.

Umberto Bossi at the first rally in Pontida, 1990

Roberto Maroni speaks at the federal congress in Milan, 1 July 2012

Placard for the 2018 electoral campaign, resembling Donald Trump's one in 2016

Statue of Alberto da Giussano, the Medieval knight who inspired Umberto Bossi

Campervan of Lega Nord for the 2005 Tuscan regional election in Florence

The Sun of the Alps, the proposed flag for Padania by Lega Nord

Matteo Salvini speaks in a Lega Nord rally in Turin, 2013

"Festival of the Padanian Peoples" in Venice, 2011

Traditional rally of Lega Nord in Pontida, 2011

Traditional rally of Lega Nord in Pontida, 2013

In 1989 the LN was established as a federation of six regional parties from northern and north-central Italy (Liga Veneta, Lega Lombarda, Piemont Autonomista, Uniun Ligure, Lega Emiliano-Romagnola and Alleanza Toscana), which became the party's founding "national" sections in 1991.

At the 1983 general election, Liga Veneta (based in Veneto) elected a deputy, Achille Tramarin; and a senator, Graziano Girardi.

At the 1987 general election, another regional party, Lega Lombarda (based in Lombardy) gained national prominence when its leader Umberto Bossi was elected to the Senate.

Republic of Venice

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The Doge of Venice, illustrated in the manuscript Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel. Painted by Lucas d'Heere in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved by the Ghent University Library.

Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000

Procession in St Mark's Square by Gentile Bellini in 1496

Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice during the War of the League of Cambrai.

The Venetian fort of Palamidi in Nafplion, Greece, one of many forts that secured Venetian trade routes in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Greater coat of arms of the Republic, with its various possessions and claims, in the aftermath of the Morean War

Drawing of the Doge's Palace, late 14th century

The governmental structure of the Venetian Republic

The hearing given by the Doge in the Sala del Collegio in Doge's Palace by Francesco Guardi, 1775–80

Voyage of Marco Polo into the Far East during the Pax Mongolica

The Piraeus Lion in Venice, in front of the Venetian Arsenal

Relief of the Venetian Lion on the Landward Gate in Zara (Zadar), capital of the Venetian Dalmatia

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Parenzo (Poreč)

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Cattaro (Kotor)

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Candia (Heraklion)

Relief of the Venetian Lion in Frangokastello, Crete

Venetian blazon with the Lion of Saint Mark, as frequently found on the New Fortress walls, Corfu.

The sack of Constantinople in 1204 on a mosaic in the San Giovanni Evangelista church in Ravenna, 1213

The Republic of Venice (Repubblica di Venezia; Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic (Repubblica Veneta; Repùblega Vèneta), traditionally known as La Serenissima (Most Serene Republic of Venice; Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia; Serenìsima Res-piovega de Venèsia), was a sovereign state and maritime republic in parts of present-day Italy (mainly northeastern Italy) which existed for 1100 years from 697 AD until 1797 AD. Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice, it incorporated numerous overseas possessions in modern Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece, Albania and Cyprus.

In Lombardy, Venice acquired Brescia in 1426, Bergamo in 1428, and Cremona in 1499.

The pope wanted Romagna; Emperor Maximilian I: Friuli and Veneto; Spain: the Apulian ports; the king of France: Cremona; the king of Hungary: Dalmatia, and each one some of another's part.

Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)

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The Kingdom of Italy in 1807, with Istria and Dalmatia, shown in yellow

The Kingdom of Italy in 1811, shown in pink

40 lire coin of the<BR>Regno d'Italia (1808)

5 lire coin of the<BR>Regno d'Italia (1812)

The Kingdom of Italy in 1812, when it was extended from Bolzano to central Adriatic Italy (Marche), losing at the same time Istria and Dalmatia

The murder of finance minister Prina in Milan marked the effective end of the kingdom.

Eugène de Beauharnais Viceroy of Italy 1805–1814

Augusto Caffarelli Minister of War 1806–1810

Achille Fontanelli Minister of War 1811–1813

Ferdinando Marescalchi Minister of Foreign Affairs 1805–1814

Giuseppe Luosi Minister of Justice 1805–1814

Troop uniforms of the Kingdom of Italy, 1805–14

The Kingdom of Italy (1805–1814; Regno d'Italia; Royaume d'Italie) was a kingdom in Northern Italy (formerly the Italian Republic) in personal union with France under Napoleon I.

It covered Savoy and the modern provinces of Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trentino, South Tyrol, and Marche.

Lombard possessions in Italy: the Lombard Kingdom (Neustria, Austria and Tuscia) and the Lombard Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento

Lombards

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The Lombards or Langobards (Langobardi) were a Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774.

Distribution of Langobardic burial fields at the Lower Elbe Lands (according to W. Wegewitz)

Lombard grave goods (6th-7th century), Milan, Lombardy

Plutei of Theodota, mid 8th century, Civic Museums of Pavia.

The Frankish Merovingian King Chlothar II in combat with the Lombards

King Liutprand (712-744) "was a zealous Catholic, generous and a great founder of monasteries"

Lombard Duchy of Benevento in the eighth century

Italy around the turn of the millennium, showing the Lombard states in the south on the eve of the arrival of the Normans.

The West-Germanic languages around the sixth century CE

The runic inscription from the Pforzen buckle may be the earliest written example of Lombardic language

Lombard warrior, bronze statue, 8th century, Pavia Civic Museums.

The Rule of Saint Benedict in Beneventan (i.e. Lombard) script

Lombard shield boss<BR>northern Italy, 7th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art

A glass drinking horn from Castel Trosino

8th-century Lombard sculpture depicting female martyrs, based on a Byzantine model. Tempietto Longobardo, Cividale del Friuli

Their legacy is also apparent in the name of the region of Lombardy in northern Italy.

In the summer of 569, the Lombards conquered the main Roman centre of northern Italy, Milan.

He extended his dominions, conquering Liguria in 643 and the remaining part of the Byzantine territories of inner Veneto, including the Roman city of Opitergium (Oderzo).

Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol

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The Prince-Bishops of Trent ruled from Buonconsiglio Castle from the 13th until the 19th century

Cathedral Maria Himmelfahrt in Bolzano/Bozen, capital of South Tyrol

View of the Rosengarten group in South Tyrol

Alpine landscape near the village of Stilfs, South Tyrol

Lakeside promenade in Riva del Garda, Trentino

Map of the two autonomous provinces of the region

Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (, ; Trentino-Alto Adige ; Trentino-Südtirol; ) is an autonomous region of Italy, located in the northern part of the country.

The region is bordered by East and North Tyrol (Austria) to the north-east and north respectively, by Graubünden (Switzerland) to the north-west, and by the Italian regions of Lombardy to the west and Veneto to the south and south-east.