A report on Lorazepam

0.5 mg tablets of the Ativan brand of lorazepam
1987 advertisement. "In a world where certainties are few...no wonder Ativan is prescribed by so many caring clinicians."

Benzodiazepine medication.

- Lorazepam
0.5 mg tablets of the Ativan brand of lorazepam

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Structural formula of benzodiazepines.

Benzodiazepine

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Fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.

Fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.

Structural formula of benzodiazepines.
Midazolam 1 & 5 mg/mL injections (Canada)
Temazepam (Normison) 10 mg tablets
Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs. Benzodiazepines were ranked in this graph 7th in dependence, physical harm, and social harm.
Diazepam 2 mg and 5 mg diazepam tablets, which are commonly used in the treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal.
Chlordiazepoxide 5 mg capsules, which are sometimes used as an alternative to diazepam for benzodiazepine withdrawal. Like diazepam it has a long elimination half-life and long-acting active metabolites.
Schematic diagram of the (α1)2(β2)2(γ2) GABAA receptor complex that depicts the five-protein subunits that form the receptor, the chloride (Cl−) ion channel pore at the center, the two GABA active binding sites at the α1 and β2 interfaces and the benzodiazepine (BZD) allosteric binding site at the α1 and γ2 interface.
Left: The 1,4-benzodiazepine ring system. Right: 5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e] [1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one forms the skeleton of many of the most common benzodiazepine pharmaceuticals, such as diazepam (7-chloro-1-methyl substituted).
A pharmacophore model of the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor. White sticks represent the carbon atoms of the benzodiazepine diazepam, while green represents carbon atoms of the nonbenzodiazepine CGS-9896. Red and blue sticks are oxygen and nitrogen atoms that are present in both structures. The red spheres labeled H1 and H2/A3 are, respectively, hydrogen bond donating and accepting sites in the receptor, while L1, L2, and L3 denote lipophilic binding sites.
The molecular structure of chlordiazepoxide, the first benzodiazepine. It was marketed by Hoffmann–La Roche from 1960 branded as Librium.
Xanax (alprazolam) 2 mg tri-score tablets

Likewise, Canadian Psychiatric Association (CPA) recommends benzodiazepines alprazolam, bromazepam, lorazepam, and diazepam only as a second-line choice, if the treatment with two different antidepressants was unsuccessful.

Diazepam tablets (10, 5, and 2 mg)

Diazepam

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Medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic.

Medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic.

Diazepam tablets (10, 5, and 2 mg)
5 mg Valium Roche packaging Australia

Intravenous diazepam or lorazepam are first-line treatments for status epilepticus.

Midazolam

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Benzodiazepine medication used for anesthesia, procedural sedation, and severe agitation.

Benzodiazepine medication used for anesthesia, procedural sedation, and severe agitation.

Injectable midazolam in 1 and 5 mg/ml strengths
Oklahoma State Penitentiary, the site of the state of Oklahoma's execution chamber

However, for long-term sedation, lorazepam is preferred due to its long duration of action, and propofol has advantages over midazolam when used in the ICU for sedation, such as shorter weaning time and earlier tracheal extubation.

Generalized 3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges on an electroencephalogram

Status epilepticus

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Single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or 2 or more seizures within a 5-minute period without the person returning to normal between them.

Single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or 2 or more seizures within a 5-minute period without the person returning to normal between them.

Generalized 3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges on an electroencephalogram
Diazepam that can be inserted rectally is often prescribed to caregivers of people with epilepsy. This enables treatment of multiple seizures prior to being able to seek medical care.

Possible benzodiazepines include intravenous lorazepam as well as intramuscular injections of midazolam.

2017 marked the 40th anniversary of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

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The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (aka Essential Medicines List or EML ), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (aka Essential Medicines List or EML ), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.

2017 marked the 40th anniversary of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.
A skeletal model of the chemical structure of aspirin
A skeletal model of the chemical structure of albendazole
Pure crystals of ethambutol
Two capsules of atazanavir
Bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma
A vial of oral cholera vaccine

Lorazepam

Carbamazepine

Anticonvulsant

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Anticonvulsants (also known as antiepileptic drugs or recently as antiseizure drugs) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.

Anticonvulsants (also known as antiepileptic drugs or recently as antiseizure drugs) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.

Carbamazepine

Phenobarbital sodium injection can be used to stop acute convulsions or status epilepticus, but a benzodiazepine such as lorazepam, diazepam or midazolam is usually tried first.

Phenobarbital

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Medication of the barbiturate type.

Medication of the barbiturate type.

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The first-line drugs for treatment of status epilepticus are benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam or diazepam.

Anxiolytic

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Medication or other intervention that reduces anxiety.

Medication or other intervention that reduces anxiety.

lorazepam (Ativan),

A drawing of someone with insomnia from the 14th century

Insomnia

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Sleep disorder in which people have trouble sleeping.

Sleep disorder in which people have trouble sleeping.

A drawing of someone with insomnia from the 14th century
Potential complications of insomnia.
Normison (temazepam) is a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed for insomnia and other sleep disorders.
Disability-adjusted life year for insomnia per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. no data less than 25 25–30.25 30.25–36 36–41.5 41.5–47 47–52.5 52.5–58 58–63.5 63.5–69 69–74.5 74.5–80 more than 80

Like alcohol, benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam, and diazepam, are commonly used to treat insomnia in the short-term (both prescribed and self-medicated), but worsen sleep in the long-term.

Hippocampus (brain)

Anterograde amnesia

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Loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact.

Loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact.

Hippocampus (brain)

This disorder is usually acquired in one of four ways: One cause is benzodiazepine drugs such as midazolam, flunitrazepam, lorazepam, temazepam, nitrazepam, triazolam, clonazepam, alprazolam, diazepam, and nimetazepam; all of these are known to have powerful amnesic effects.