A report on Maize

Plant fragments dated to 4200 BC found in the Guilá Naquitz Cave in Oaxaca, Mexico, showed maize had already been domesticated from teosinte.
Cultivation of maize in an illustration from the 16th c. Florentine Codex
Ancient Mesoamerican relief, National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico
Many small male flowers make up the male inflorescence, called the tassel.
Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese` – MHNT
Zea mays "strawberry"—MHNT
Zea mays "Oaxacan Green" MHNT
Variegated maize ears
Multicolored corn kernels (CSIRO)
Exotic varieties of maize are collected to add genetic diversity when selectively breeding new domestic strains
Teosinte (top), maize-teosinte hybrid (middle), maize (bottom)
Stucco head of the Maya maize god, 550–850 AD
Seedlings three weeks after sowing
Young stalks
Mature plants showing ears
Mature maize ears
Harvesting maize, Jones County, Iowa
Harvesting maize, Rantasalmi, South Savonia, Finland
Hand-picking harvest of maize in Myanmar
Production of maize (2019)
Semi-peeled corn on the cob
Poster showing a woman serving muffins, pancakes, and grits, with canisters on the table labeled corn meal, grits, and hominy, US Food Administration, 1918
Mexican tamales made with corn meal
Boiled corn on a white plate
Farm-based maize silage digester located near Neumünster in Germany, 2007. Green inflatable biogas holder is shown on top of the digester.
Children playing in a maize kernel box
Female inflorescence, with young silk
Mature silk
Stalks, ears and silk
Male flowers
Full-grown maize plants
Mature maize ear on a stalk
Maize kernels
Maize plant diagram
Ear of maize with irregular rows of kernels
With white and yellow kernels

Maize (Zea mays subsp.

- Maize

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Zea (plant)

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Genus of flowering plants in the grass family.

Genus of flowering plants in the grass family.

teosinte (top), maize-teosinte hybrid (middle), maize (bottom)
Microscopic view of Zea seed

The best-known species is Z. mays (variously called maize, corn, or Indian corn), one of the most important crops for human societies throughout much of the world.

Polenta porridge with lentils (bottom) and cotechino sausage (top)

Polenta

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Dish of boiled cornmeal that was historically made from other grains.

Dish of boiled cornmeal that was historically made from other grains.

Polenta porridge with lentils (bottom) and cotechino sausage (top)
Packaged polenta
Polenta served in the traditional manner on a round wooden cutting board.
Fried polenta with marinara sauce.
La Polenta by Pietro Longhi

The variety of cereal used is usually yellow maize, but often buckwheat, white maize, or mixtures thereof may be used.

chile en nogada, maize, tamales, pozole, mezcal, pan de muerto, cóctel de camarón

Mexican cuisine

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Mexican cuisine consists of the cooking cuisines and traditions of the modern country of Mexico.

Mexican cuisine consists of the cooking cuisines and traditions of the modern country of Mexico.

chile en nogada, maize, tamales, pozole, mezcal, pan de muerto, cóctel de camarón
Mole sauce, which has dozens of varieties across the Republic, is seen as a symbol of Mexicanidad and is considered Mexico's national dish.
Red chili sauce
Still-life with Fruit, Scorpion and Frog (1874) by Hermenegildo Bustos.
Still-life, oil on canvas painting by José Agustín Arrieta (Mexican), c. 1870, San Diego Museum of Art
Ancient mesoamerican engraving of maize, National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico.
Chile Rellenos
A molcajete and tejolote, the traditional mortar and pestle of Mexico.
Pechuga adobada, chicken breast in adobo with a side of chayote, mushrooms, corn and poblano rajas. Adobo, including a key item, vinegar, arrived with the Spanish. A common characteristic of Mexican adobo is its incorporation of chile ancho.
Huevos rancheros
Pan de muerto traditionally baked in Mexico during the weeks leading up to the Day of the Dead.
Chiles en nogada, due to the dish's incorporation of red, white and green, is popularly consumed during the celebrations of the Grito de Dolores. Tied to the independence of the country since it is said they were prepared for the first time to entertain the future emperor Agustín de Iturbide when he came to signing of the Treaty of Córdoba.
Barbacoa in Actopan, Hidalgo. The barbecue in a ground oven is a typical dish from the Mezquital Valley.
Fruit punch is popular around Christmas time during Las Posadas.
Mexican candy stand.
Remnants of popcorn have been found in Mexico that date circa 3600 BC.
A native American grinder stone tool or "metate" from Central Mexico.
Las Tortilleras, an 1836 lithograph after a painting by Carl Nebel of women grinding corn and making tortillas.
A reconstructed kitchen at the 16th century former monastery of San Miguel Arcángel, Huejotzingo, Puebla.
Picture of a typical Mexican supermarket.
Hot chocolate and pan dulce are the quintessential breakfast in Mexico. Many of Mexico's sweet breads were influenced by French immigrants.
Pujol was named by Wall Street Journal as the best in Mexico City.
Mexican juice bar
Champurrado, Mexican chocolate-based drink
Cochito, a dish exclusive to Chiapas.
A taco stand in the Tacubaya neighborhood of Mexico City.
A cabrito (goat) on a spit in Monterrey, Nuevo León.
Grilled arrachera, shrimp, sausage, onions, potatoes and chiles toreados served on an iron skillet.
Carne a la tampiqueña
Chocolate being poured at a market at Villa de Etla, Oaxaca
Enchiladas with tasajo beef.
Huachinango a la veracruzana, a dish based on red snapper.
Chilaquiles
Chimichanga, a Tex-Mex dish, served in Melbourne.
Tacos of Carnitas, Carne Asada and Al pastor.
Tostada
alt=Typical Mexican Torta|Mexican-style torta with typical accompaniments
Mini bean gordita flavored with avocado leaf Veracruz style.
Corn
Carne en su jugo.
Tamales wrapped in corn husks.
Mojarra frita (fried) served with various garnishes, including nopales, at Isla de Janitzio, Michoacán.
Birria, a common dish in Guadalajara.
Asado de boda (Wedding stew), typical dish of Zacatecas.
Torta ahogada accompanied by light beer, Jalisco.
The folklore belief that menudo will alleviate some of the symptoms of a hangover is widely held.<ref>{{cite web|last =Gonzalez|first =Ray|title = Hangover Cure|work = Lapham's Quarterly|year = 1992|url = http://www.laphamsquarterly.org/voices-in-time/hangover-cure.php?page=all|access-date = 2013-05-05}}</ref>
Cochinita Pibil, a fire pit-smoked pork dish, seasoned with achiote, spices and Seville orange.
Panucho
Frijol con puerco (beans with pork) prepared with beans, pork, epazote, onion, cilantro, lemon, radishes and habanero chile.
Tlayuda
Churros were brought to Mexico by the Spanish. Churros are a popular dessert in Mexico.
Tres leches cake
Flan
Mexican chocolate discs

Its ingredients and methods begin with the first agricultural communities such as the Maya who domesticated maize, created the standard process of maize nixtamalization, and established their foodways (Maya cuisine).

A bowl of cooked hominy

Hominy

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A bowl of cooked hominy
Dried (uncooked form of) hominy (US quarter and Mexican one-peso coins pictured for size comparison)

Hominy (Spanish: maíz molido; literally meaning "milled corn") is a food produced from dried maize (corn) kernels that have been treated with an alkali, in a process called nixtamalization (nextamalli is the Nahuatl word for "hominy").

Alfalfa

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Perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae.

Perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae.

A close up of alfalfa sprouts, which are commonly used as a garnish on soups or as a filling in sandwiches and salads.
Lucerne fields in the Kalahari Desert (2017)
-24.33931°N, 18.59344°W
Honey bee (Apis mellifera), a pollinator on alfalfa flower
Alfalfa hay on the way to Clayton, New Mexico, circa 1915.
Cylindrical bales of alfalfa
Worldwide alfalfa production
Alfalfa field
Small square bales of alfalfa
Watering an alfalfa field
Sprouted alfalfa seeds

Therefore, alfalfa fields are recommended to be rotated with other species (for example, corn or wheat) before reseeding.

A selection of bourbons and Tennessee whiskeys at a liquor store.

Bourbon whiskey

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A selection of bourbons and Tennessee whiskeys at a liquor store.
Nineteenth century bourbon bottle
American white oak barrels filled with new bourbon whiskey rest in a rickhouse, giving bourbon its well-known copper color.
The bourbon distilleries that produce Buffalo Trace (left), Maker's Mark (center), and Woodford Reserve (right), are National Historic Landmarks in Kentucky.
Used bourbon barrels awaiting fresh contents in Scotland
A mint julep

Bourbon is a type of American whiskey, a barrel-aged distilled liquor made primarily from corn.

Mexico

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Country in the southern portion of North America.

Country in the southern portion of North America.

Depiction of the founding myth of Mexico-Tenochtitlan from the Codex Mendoza. The eagle perched on a cactus has been incorporated into the Mexican flag since its independence, and was a motif in colonial-era art.
View of the Pyramid of the Sun of Teotihuacan with first human establishment in the area dating back to 600 BCE
Cultivation of maize, shown in the Florentine Codex (1576) drawn by an indigenous scribe, with text in Nahuatl on this folio
1945 mural by Diego Rivera depicting the view from the Tlatelolco markets into Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the largest city in the Americas at the time
Hernán Cortés and his multilingual cultural translator, Doña Marina ("Malinche"), meeting Moctezuma II from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, a document created ca. 1550 by the Tlaxcalans to remind the Spanish of their loyalty and the importance of Tlaxcala during the conquest of the Aztec Empire.
Smallpox depicted by an indigenous artist in the 1576 Florentine Codex
View of the Plaza Mayor (today Zócalo) in Mexico City (ca. 1695) by Cristóbal de Villalpando
New Spain was essential to the Spanish global trading system. White represents the route of the Spanish Manila Galleons in the Pacific and the Spanish convoys in the Atlantic. (Blue represents Portuguese routes.)
Silver peso mined and minted in colonial Mexico, which became a global currency
Viceroyalty of New Spain following the signing of the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty
Luis de Mena, Virgin of Guadalupe and castas, showing race mixture and hierarchy as well as fruits of the realm, ca. 1750
Father Hidalgo used this banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe as their emblem
Siege of the Alhondiga de Granaditas, Guanajuato, 28 Sept. 1810.
Flag of the Army of the Three Guarantees, the force formed by ex-royalist Iturbide and insurgent Vicente Guerrero in February 1821
Flag of the First Mexican Empire under Agustín I, 1822-23, with the eagle wearing a crown
Flag of the First Republic of Mexico, with the eagle without a crown, signaling the new republic
General Antonio López de Santa Anna
Portrait of Liberal President Benito Juárez
The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximiian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868.
President Porfirio Díaz linking himself to independence hero Hidalgo and liberal hero Juárez September 1910.
Francisco I. Madero, who challenged Díaz in the fraudulent 1910 election and was elected president when Díaz was forced to resign in May 1911.
Revolutionary Generals Pancho Villa (left) and Emiliano Zapata (right)
General Álvaro Obregón (far left) shown with a cigar in his left hand and his right arm missing, center with the white beard is First Chief Venustiano Carranza
Logo of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, which incorporates the colors of the Mexican flag
Pemex, the national oil company created in 1938 for reasons of economic nationalism; it continues to provide major revenues for the government
NAFTA signing ceremony, October 1992. From left to right: (standing) President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (Mexico), President George H. W. Bush (U.S.), and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (Canada)
Zapatista leader Comandanta Ramona
Vicente Fox and his opposition National Action Party won the 2000 general election, ending one-party rule.
Topographic map of Mexico
Mexico map of Köppen climate classification
Mexican wolf
Gray whale
The National Palace on the east side of Plaza de la Constitución or Zócalo, the main square of Mexico City; it was the residence of viceroys and Presidents of Mexico and now the seat of the Mexican government.
Andrés Manuel López Obrador President of Mexico
Alfonso García Robles diplomat who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982
A Mexican Navy Eurocopter
Demonstration on 26 September 2015, in the first anniversary of the disappearance of the 43 students in the Mexican town of Iguala
The territorial evolution of Mexico after independence: secession of Central America (purple), Chiapas annexed from Guatemala (blue), losses to the U.S. (red, white and orange) and the reannexation of the Republic of Yucatán (red)
A proportional representation of Mexico's exports. The country has the most complex economy in Latin America.
Historical GDP per capita development of Mexico
Mexican Stock Exchange building
Telmex Tower, Mexico City.
The Central Eólica Sureste I, Fase II in Oaxaca. The Isthmus of Tehuantepec is the region of Mexico with the highest capacity for wind energy. (see Tehuantepecer, a strong wind that affects the region)
Guillermo Haro Observatory in Cananea, Sonora.
Cancun and the Riviera Maya is the most visited region in Latin America
The Baluarte Bridge is the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world, the fifth-highest bridge overall and the highest bridge in the Americas.
El Cajon Dam
Mexican states by population density
Las castas. Casta painting showing 16 racial groupings. Anonymous, 18th century, oil on canvas, 148×104 cm, Museo Nacional del Virreinato, Tepotzotlán, Mexico.
Colonial caste painting of Mexican family in Viceroyalty of New Spain
Octavio Paz was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Our Lady of Guadalupe, patron saint of Mexico. This painting of her at the Basilica of Guadalupe is among her most notable depictions. Scientists debate if it should be dated 1531, the year of the first apparition was said to appear, or the 1550s.
Cathedral of Zacatecas
General Hospital of Mexico in Mexico City.
Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
Olga Sánchez Cordero, Minister of the Interior (Gobernacion) in President López Obrador's cabinet
Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of Fine Arts), with murals, other artwork, and a major performance space
Mexican Muralism. A cultural expression starting in the 1920s created by a group of Mexican painters after the Mexican Revolution.
Monument to Cuauhtémoc, Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City (1887)
Teotihuacán, State of Mexico
The colonial-era Cathedral Mexico City dominates one side of the main square of the capital
Museo Soumaya in Mexico City building
David Alfaro Siqueiros by Héctor García Cobo at Lecumberri prison, Mexico City, 1960.
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, "The Tenth Muse." Posthmous portrait Juan Cabrera
Actress Dolores del Río, Hollywood star in the 1920s and 1930s and prominent figure of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema in the 1940s and 1950s
Mole sauce, which has dozens of varieties across the Republic, is seen as a symbol of Mexicanidad and is considered Mexico's national dish.
Portrait of composer Carlos Chávez by Carl van Vechten
Azteca Stadium, Mexico City.
Logo for the 1968 Mexico Olympics
Plaque in Mexico City commemorating Lucha libre as an intangible cultural heritage
View of the Pyramid of the Sun of Teotihuacan, the first human establishment in the area dating back to 600 BCE
View of the Pyramid of the Sun in the ancient city-state of Teotihuacan, which was the 6th largest city in the world at its peak (1 AD to 500 AD)
Temple of Kukulcán (El Castillo) in the maya city of Chichen Itza
A proportional representation of Mexico's exports. The country has the most complex economy in Latin America.
Storming of the Teocalli by Cortez and his Troops (1848)
Telmex Tower, Mexico City.
New Spain was essential to the Spanish global trading system. White represents the route of the Spanish Manila Galleons in the Pacific and the Spanish convoys in the Atlantic. (Blue represents Portuguese routes.)
The Baluarte Bridge was the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world, the fifth-highest bridge overall and is the highest bridge in the Americas.
Map of the First Mexican Empire
Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
Students in a burned bus during the protests of 1968
Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, two of the most famous mexican artists
Pico de Orizaba, the highest mountain in Mexico
Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of Fine Arts), with murals, other artwork, and a major performance space
Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Congress of Mexico
Alfonso Cuarón, the first mexican filmmaker to win the Academy Award for Best Director
Andrés Manuel López Obrador President of Mexico
Televisa headquarters in Mexico City
Headquarters of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs
El Santo, one of the most iconic Mexican luchadores
Mexican Federal Police celebration.
Mexico City, the financial center of Mexico
Mexican Stock Exchange building
Large Millimeter Telescope in Puebla.
The Baluarte Bridge is the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world, the fifth-highest bridge overall and the highest bridge in the Americas.
Lake Chapala is Mexico's largest freshwater lake.
Regional variation of ancestry according to a study made by Ruiz-Linares in 2014, each dot represents a volunteer, with most coming from south Mexico and Mexico City.
Map for the year 2000 of the indigenous languages of Mexico having more than 100,000 speakers.
Mexico–United States barrier between San Diego's border patrol offices in California, USA (left) and Tijuana, Mexico (right)
Secretary of Health, Mexico City, Mexico.
Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
Frida Kahlo, the most famous woman artist in Mexican history.
Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of Fine Arts), with murals, other artwork, and a major performance space
Octavio Paz was awarded the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature
Azteca Stadium, Mexico City.
El Santo, one of the most famous and iconic Mexican luchadores

Foods indigenous to Mexico include corn, pepper vegetables, calabazas, avocados, sweet potato, turkey, many beans, and other fruits and spices.

A bacterial DNA transposon

Transposable element

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DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.

DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.

A bacterial DNA transposon

Barbara McClintock discovered the first TEs in maize (Zea mays) at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York.

Balsas River

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Major river of south-central Mexico.

Major river of south-central Mexico.

Balsas River basin
The river at Coyuca de Catalán

The Balsas River valley was possibly one of the earliest maize growing sites in Mexico, dating from around 9200 years ago.

Maize, climbing beans, and winter squash planted together

Three Sisters (agriculture)

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Maize, climbing beans, and winter squash planted together
The Three Sisters planting method is featured on the reverse of the 2009 US Sacagawea dollar.
Historic marker in Madison County, New York
Three Sisters mound planting in Arizona

The Three Sisters are the three main agricultural crops of various Indigenous peoples of North America: winter squash, maize ("corn"), and climbing beans (typically tepary beans or common beans).