A report on Maize

Plant fragments dated to 4200 BC found in the Guilá Naquitz Cave in Oaxaca, Mexico, showed maize had already been domesticated from teosinte.
Cultivation of maize in an illustration from the 16th c. Florentine Codex
Ancient Mesoamerican relief, National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico
Many small male flowers make up the male inflorescence, called the tassel.
Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese` – MHNT
Zea mays "strawberry"—MHNT
Zea mays "Oaxacan Green" MHNT
Variegated maize ears
Multicolored corn kernels (CSIRO)
Exotic varieties of maize are collected to add genetic diversity when selectively breeding new domestic strains
Teosinte (top), maize-teosinte hybrid (middle), maize (bottom)
Stucco head of the Maya maize god, 550–850 AD
Seedlings three weeks after sowing
Young stalks
Mature plants showing ears
Mature maize ears
Harvesting maize, Jones County, Iowa
Harvesting maize, Rantasalmi, South Savonia, Finland
Hand-picking harvest of maize in Myanmar
Production of maize (2019)
Semi-peeled corn on the cob
Poster showing a woman serving muffins, pancakes, and grits, with canisters on the table labeled corn meal, grits, and hominy, US Food Administration, 1918
Mexican tamales made with corn meal
Boiled corn on a white plate
Farm-based maize silage digester located near Neumünster in Germany, 2007. Green inflatable biogas holder is shown on top of the digester.
Children playing in a maize kernel box
Female inflorescence, with young silk
Mature silk
Stalks, ears and silk
Male flowers
Full-grown maize plants
Mature maize ear on a stalk
Maize kernels
Maize plant diagram
Ear of maize with irregular rows of kernels
With white and yellow kernels

Maize (Zea mays subsp.

- Maize

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A feedlot in Texas, USA, where cattle are "finished" (fattened on grains) prior to slaughter

Animal feed

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Food given to domestic animals, especially livestock, in the course of animal husbandry.

Food given to domestic animals, especially livestock, in the course of animal husbandry.

A feedlot in Texas, USA, where cattle are "finished" (fattened on grains) prior to slaughter
Equine nutritionists recommend that 50% or more of a horse's diet by weight should be forages, such as hay
A pelleted ration designed for horses
Cattle eating a total mixed ration
A herdsman from the Maasai people watches as his cattle graze in the Ngorongoro crater, Tanzania.

The two most important feed grains are maize and soybean, and the United States is by far the largest exporter of both, averaging about half of the global maize trade and 40% of the global soya trade in the years leading up the 2012 drought.

Foods rich in fibers: fruits, vegetables and grains

Dietary fiber

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Portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by human digestive enzymes.

Portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by human digestive enzymes.

Foods rich in fibers: fruits, vegetables and grains
Wheat bran has a high content of dietary fiber.
Children eating fiber-rich food

wheat and corn bran

Corn oil, five liters

Corn oil

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Corn oil, five liters
Plastic jugs in cardboard boxes, 15 kg each

Corn oil (maize oil) is oil extracted from the germ of corn (maize).

Illinois

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State in the Midwestern United States.

State in the Midwestern United States.

Mississippian copper plate found at the Saddle Site in Union County, Illinois
Illinois in 1718, approximate modern state area highlighted, from Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi by Guillaume de L'Isle
The bell donated by King Louis XV in 1741 to the mission at Kaskaskia. It was later called the "Liberty Bell of the West", after it was rung to celebrate U.S. victory in the Revolution
In 1818, Illinois became the 21st U.S. state. The southern portion of Illinois Territory was admitted as the state of Illinois, and the rest was joined to Michigan Territory.
[[Old State Capitol State Historic Site|
Old State Capitol]]: Abraham Lincoln and other area legislators were instrumental in moving the state capitol to centrally located Springfield in 1839.
Embarkation of Union troops from Cairo on January 10, 1862
Charles Mound, the highest natural point in Illinois at 1,235 feet above sea level, is located in the Driftless Area in the northwestern part of the state.
At 279 feet above sea level, the lowest elevation point in the state is located near Cairo and the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
Köppen climate types of Illinois
Density map displaying the population of Illinois
The Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois
The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago at the heart of Chicago's financial center
Byron Nuclear Generating Station in Ogle County
Average annual wind power distribution for Illinois, 50 m height above ground (2009)
Soldier Field, Chicago
The Illinois State Capitol in Springfield
Illinois House of Representatives
Governor J. B. Pritzker (D)
University of Illinois
University of Chicago
University of Illinois Willard Airport
Inside O'Hare International Airport
Vandalia State House State Historic Site in Vandalia
The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago
Magnolia Manor is a Victorian period historic house museum in Cairo.
Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield
The Polish Museum of America in Chicago
A Railway Post Office preserved at the Illinois Railway Museum in Union
Standard license plate introduced in 2017
Standard license plate 2001 to 2016
Illinois license plate design used throughout the 1980s and 1990s, displaying the Land of Lincoln slogan that has been featured on the state's plates since 1954
Illinois 2020 Population Density Map

Agriculture, particularly corn and soybeans, as well as educational institutions and manufacturing centers, figure prominently in Central Illinois.

Barbara McClintock shown in her laboratory.

Barbara McClintock

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American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Barbara McClintock shown in her laboratory.
McClintock children, from left to right: Mignon, Malcolm Rider "Tom", Barbara and Marjorie
McClintock family, from left to right: Mignon, Tom, Barbara, Marjorie and Sara (at the piano)
The relationship of Ac/Ds in the control of the elements and mosaic color of maize. The seed in 10 is colorless; there is no Ac element present, and Ds inhibits the synthesis of colored pigments called anthocyanins. In 11 to 13, one copy of Ac is present; Ds can move, and some anthocyanin is produced, creating a mosaic pattern. In the kernel in panel 14 there are two Ac elements, and in panel 15 there are three.
Barbara McClintock with one of her results.
McClintock's microscope and ears of corn on exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
McClintock giving her Nobel Lecture

There she started her career as the leader of the development of maize cytogenetics, the focus of her research for the rest of her life.

Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides), a CWR of cultivated wheats (Triticum spp), can be found in northern Israel.

Crop wild relative

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Wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant.

Wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant.

Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides), a CWR of cultivated wheats (Triticum spp), can be found in northern Israel.
Two conservationists collecting indigenous knowledge on cultural practices that favour CWR populations, from a farmer near Fes, Morocco.
Example of one of the first genetic reserves established to conserve CWRs near Kalakh al Hosn, Syria
Geographic hotspots of distributions of crop wild relatives not represented in genebanks

Farmers have used traditional breeding methods for millennia, wild maize (Zea mexicana) is routinely grown alongside maize to promote natural crossing and improve yields.

Unripe ears of barley, wheat, and rye

Ear (botany)

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Unripe ears of barley, wheat, and rye

An ear is the grain-bearing tip part of the stem of a cereal plant, such as wheat or maize.

Wrapped and unwrapped tamales oaxaqueños (from Oaxaca, Mexico) filled with mole negro and chicken

Tamale

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Wrapped and unwrapped tamales oaxaqueños (from Oaxaca, Mexico) filled with mole negro and chicken
Tamales served to honor the birth of a child, Florentine Codex
Black and red tamales in Guatemala.
Nacatamal with both banana leaf and aluminum foil wrapping
A batch of Mexican tamales in the tamalera
A tamal dulce breakfast tamale from Oaxaca, Mexico. It contains pineapple, raisins and blackberries.
South American-style humitas
Binaki, a type of sweet tamale from Bukidnon, Philippines
Delta-style tamales from Clarksdale, Mississippi.
Tamale pie
El vivandero Ño Juan José (cropped)

A tamale, in Spanish tamal, is a traditional Mesoamerican dish made of masa, a dough made from nixtamalized corn, which is steamed in a corn husk or banana leaf.

Liberty Hyde Bailey 1858–1954, who coined the word cultigen in 1918

Cultigen

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Plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans; it is the result of artificial selection.

Plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans; it is the result of artificial selection.

Liberty Hyde Bailey 1858–1954, who coined the word cultigen in 1918

The traditional method of scientific naming is under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and many of the most important cultigens, like maize (Zea mays) and banana (Musa acuminata), are so named.

Weeds controlled with herbicide

Herbicide

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Herbicides, also commonly known as weedkillers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.

Herbicides, also commonly known as weedkillers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.

Weeds controlled with herbicide
2,4-D, the first chemical herbicide, was discovered during the Second World War.
Herbicides being sprayed from the spray arms of a tractor in North Dakota.
Handicapped children in Vietnam, most of them victims of Agent Orange, 2004

It allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crops, because it kills dicots (broadleaf plants), but not most monocots (grasses).