A report on Maize

Plant fragments dated to 4200 BC found in the Guilá Naquitz Cave in Oaxaca, Mexico, showed maize had already been domesticated from teosinte.
Cultivation of maize in an illustration from the 16th c. Florentine Codex
Ancient Mesoamerican relief, National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico
Many small male flowers make up the male inflorescence, called the tassel.
Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese` – MHNT
Zea mays "strawberry"—MHNT
Zea mays "Oaxacan Green" MHNT
Variegated maize ears
Multicolored corn kernels (CSIRO)
Exotic varieties of maize are collected to add genetic diversity when selectively breeding new domestic strains
Teosinte (top), maize-teosinte hybrid (middle), maize (bottom)
Stucco head of the Maya maize god, 550–850 AD
Seedlings three weeks after sowing
Young stalks
Mature plants showing ears
Mature maize ears
Harvesting maize, Jones County, Iowa
Harvesting maize, Rantasalmi, South Savonia, Finland
Hand-picking harvest of maize in Myanmar
Production of maize (2019)
Semi-peeled corn on the cob
Poster showing a woman serving muffins, pancakes, and grits, with canisters on the table labeled corn meal, grits, and hominy, US Food Administration, 1918
Mexican tamales made with corn meal
Boiled corn on a white plate
Farm-based maize silage digester located near Neumünster in Germany, 2007. Green inflatable biogas holder is shown on top of the digester.
Children playing in a maize kernel box
Female inflorescence, with young silk
Mature silk
Stalks, ears and silk
Male flowers
Full-grown maize plants
Mature maize ear on a stalk
Maize kernels
Maize plant diagram
Ear of maize with irregular rows of kernels
With white and yellow kernels

Maize (Zea mays subsp.

- Maize

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Anemophily

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Form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind.

Form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind.

Approximately 12% of plants across the globe are benefited by anemophily, including cereal crops like rice and corn and other prominent crop plants like wheat, rye, barley, and oats.

Zeaxanthin

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One of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle.

One of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle.

Synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms, it is the pigment that gives paprika (made from bell peppers), corn, saffron, goji (wolfberries), and many other plants and microbes their characteristic color.

Corn silk on a corn flower

Corn silk

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Corn silk on a corn flower
Corn silk on a growing ear of corn
In its adult stage, a Western corn rootworm searches for pollen on corn silk. This insect can be a cause of silk clipping.

Corn silk is a common Stigma maydis, the shiny, thread-like, weak fibers that grow as part of ears of corn (maize); the tuft or tassel of silky fibers that protrude from the tip of the ear of corn.

Heirloom calypso beans (also called "yin yang")

Bean

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Seed of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food.

Seed of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food.

Heirloom calypso beans (also called "yin yang")
"Painted Pony" dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Bean plant
Beans and plantain
Local bean from Nepal.
Field beans (broad beans, Vicia faba), ready for harvest
The Beaneater (1580–1590) by Annibale Carracci
Baked beans on toast (with egg)
Types of beans in a supermarket
This figure shows the grams of fiber and protein per 100 gram serving of each legume. The size of the circle is proportional to its iron content. From this view, lentil and kidney beans contain the most and soybeans and peas have the least nutrients per serving.
Lablab bean and bean flower cultivated in West Bengal, India
Bean flower in Jamalpur, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
frameless
frameless

However, genetic analyses of the common bean Phaseolus show that it originated in Mesoamerica, and subsequently spread southward, along with maize and squash, traditional companion crops.

A Belgian Blue cow. The defect in the breed's myostatin gene is maintained through linebreeding and is responsible for its accelerated lean muscle growth.

Selective breeding

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Process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.

Process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.

A Belgian Blue cow. The defect in the breed's myostatin gene is maintained through linebreeding and is responsible for its accelerated lean muscle growth.
This Chihuahua mix and Great Dane shows the wide range of dog breed sizes created using selective breeding.
Selective breeding transformed teosinte's few fruitcases (left) into modern maize's rows of exposed kernels (right).
Researchers at the USDA have selectively bred carrots with a variety of colors.

Selective breeding of both plants and animals has been practiced since early prehistory; key species such as wheat, rice, and dogs have been significantly different from their wild ancestors for millennia, and maize, which required especially large changes from teosinte, its wild form, was selectively bred in Mesoamerica.

CIMMYT in El Batan, Mexico

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

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CIMMYT in El Batan, Mexico

The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (known - even in English - by its Spanish acronym CIMMYT for Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo) is a non-profit research-for-development organization that develops improved varieties of wheat and maize with the aim of contributing to food security, and innovates agricultural practices to help boost production, prevent crop disease and improve smallholder farmers' livelihoods.

Pioneer Hi Bred International

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U.S.-based producer of seeds for agriculture.

U.S.-based producer of seeds for agriculture.

Presentation of Pioneer's "PR39F58" maize at Werktuigendagen, Belgium 2009
Presentation of Pioneer's corn seeds near Lahr in Germany

Wallace had been experimenting with hybridization of corn and became convinced that hybrid seed corn would become important.

Simplified representation of the life cycle of a retrotransposon

Retrotransposon

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RNA transposition intermediate.

RNA transposition intermediate.

Simplified representation of the life cycle of a retrotransposon
Genetic structure of murine LINE1 and SINEs. Bottom: proposed structure of L1 RNA-protein (RNP) complexes. ORF1 proteins form trimers, exhibiting RNA binding and nucleic acid chaperone activity.

Through reverse transcription, retrotransposons amplify themselves quickly to become abundant in eukaryotic genomes such as maize (49–78%) and humans (42%).

Midwestern United States

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One of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau .

One of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau .

Divisions of the Midwest by the U.S. Census Bureau into East North Central and West North Central, separated largely by the Mississippi River.
Scotts Bluff National Monument in western Nebraska
The Driftless Area as viewed from Wildcat Mountain State Park in Vernon County, Wisconsin
Flint Hills grasslands of Kansas
Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota
Prairie in Effigy Mounds National Monument, Iowa
Monks Mound, located at the Cahokia Mounds near Collinsville, Illinois, is the largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in America north of Mesoamerica and a World Heritage Site
Winnebago family (1852)
Young Oglala Lakota girl in front of tipi with puppy beside her, probably on or near Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota
Cumulus clouds hover above a yellowish prairie at Badlands National Park, South Dakota, native lands to the Sioux.
c. 1681 map of Marquette and Jolliet's 1673 expedition
Beaver hunting grounds, the basis of the fur trade
The state cessions that eventually allowed for the creation of the territories north and southwest of the River Ohio
Northwest Territory 1787
Louisiana Purchase 1803
Ohio River near Rome, Ohio
Lake Michigan is shared by four Midwestern states: Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin.
The Upper Mississippi River near Harpers Ferry, Iowa
An animation depicting when United States territories and states forbade or allowed slavery, 1789–1861
1855 Free-State poster
A map of various Underground Railroad routes
Minneapolis, Minnesota is on the Mississippi River
Omaha, Nebraska, is on the Missouri River
Cincinnati, Ohio is on the Ohio River
Distribution of Americans claiming German Ancestry by county in 2018
German population density in the United States, 1870 census
A pastoral farm scene near Traverse City, Michigan, with a classic American red barn
Central Iowa cornfield in June
Standing wheat in Kansas, part of America's Breadbasket
Soybean fields at Applethorpe Farm, north of Hallsville in Ross County, Ohio
The Chicago Board of Trade Building a National Historic Landmark
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland
Mount Rushmore is located in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
The Milwaukee Art Museum is located on Lake Michigan.
The first local meeting of the new Republican Party took place here in Ripon, Wisconsin on March 20, 1854.
Midwestern Governors by party
Midwestern U.S. Senators by party for the 117th Congress
Midwestern U.S. Representatives by party for the 117th Congress
Beaver hunting grounds, the basis of the fur trade

Today, these three prairie types largely correspond to the corn/soybean area, the wheat belt, and the western rangelands, respectively.

Transgenic maize containing a gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis

Genetically modified maize

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Transgenic maize containing a gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis
The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, destroys corn crops by burrowing into the stem, causing the plant to fall over.

Genetically modified maize (corn) is a genetically modified crop.