A report on Majapahit and Singhasari

Expansion of Singhasari during the reign of Kertanegara

The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the Nagarakretagama in 1365

A mandala of Amoghapāśa from the Singhasari period

A maja fruit growing near Trowulan. The bitter-tasting fruit is the origin of the kingdom's name

The serene beauty of Prajnaparamita statue found near Singhasari temple is believed to be the portrayal statue of Queen Ken Dedes, wife of Ken Arok (the collection of National Museum of Indonesia).

Nagarakretagama palm-leaf manuscript. Composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it provides a primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk.

Singhasari temple built as a mortuary temple to honour Kertanegara, the last king of Singhasari.

Painting of a 14th-century Yuan junk. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.

The land of Singhasari when at its peak during 1291

King Kertarajasa portrayed as Harihara, amalgamation of Shiva and Vishnu. Originally located at Candi Simping, Blitar, today it is displayed in National Museum.

Genealogy diagram of Rajasa Dynasty, the royal family of Singhasari and Majapahit. Rulers are highlighted with period of reign.

Golden image of a mounted rider, possibly the Hindu god Surya, within a stylised solar halo. Below is a conch flanked by two nagas. 14th-century Majapahit art, National Museum Jakarta.

The statue of Parvati as mortuary deified portrayal of Tribhuwanottunggadewi, queen of Majapahit, mother of Hayam Wuruk.

Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century to Demak Sultanate. The existing historical records from several sources only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.

The terracotta figure popularly believed by Mohammad Yamin as the portrait of Gajah Mada, collection of Trowulan Museum. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.

Gajah Mada inscription, dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King Kertanegara of Singhasari.

Bronze cannon, called cetbang, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the Surya Majapahit emblem on the bronze cannon.

The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports.

The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen Suhita (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, National Museum of Indonesia.

Demak was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.

Wringin Lawang, the 15.5-meter tall red brick split gate in Trowulan, believed to be the entrance of an important compound.

The king of Java and his 7 vassal kings, as imagined in a 15th century British manuscript contained in Friar Odoric's account.

The graceful Bidadari Majapahit, golden celestial apsara in Majapahit style perfectly describes Majapahit as "the golden age" of the archipelago.

Gold figure from the Majapahit period representing Sutasoma being borne by the man-eater Kalmasapada.

Palm leaf manuscript of Kakawin Sutasoma, a 14th-century Javanese poem.

Bas reliefs of Tegowangi temple, dated from Majapahit period, demonstrate the East Javanese style.

Pair of door guardians from a temple, Eastern Java, 14th century, Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco.

Jabung temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java, dated from Majapahit period.

The 16.5-metre tall Bajang Ratu Paduraksa gate, at Trowulan, echoed the grandeur of Majapahit.

The stepped terraces, pavilions, and split gates of Cetho temple complex on mount Lawu slopes.

Majapahit terracotta piggy bank, 14th or 15th century Trowulan, East Java. (Collection of National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)

Ancient red-brick canal discovered in Trowulan. Majapahit had a well-developed irrigation infrastructure.

Majapahit core realm and provinces (Mancanagara) in eastern and central parts of Java, including islands of Madura and Bali.

The extent of Majapahit's influence under Hayam Wuruk in 1365 according to Nagarakretagama.

A 1.79 kilogram, 21-karat Majapahit period gold image discovered in Agusan, Philippines, copied Nganjuk bronze images of the early Majapahit period, signify Majapahit cultural influence on southern Philippines.

14th-century gold armlets and rings in East Javanese Majapahit style, found at Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, suggests that Tumasik or Singapura was within Majapahit sphere of influence.

Adityawarman, a senior minister of Majapahit depicted as Bhairava. He established the Pagaruyung Kingdom in Central Sumatra.

On centre bottom row (no. 8) is a Yǒng-Lè Tōng-Bǎo (永樂通寶) cash coin cast under the Yǒng-Lè Emperor (永樂帝) of Ming dynasty. These were cast in great quantities and used by Ashikaga, Ryukyu, as well as Majapahit.

Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") in Denpasar, Bali, demonstrate the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.

The Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque.

Bas relief from Candi Penataran describes the Javanese-style pendopo pavilion, commonly found across Java and Bali.

The Kris of Knaud, one of the oldest surviving kris is dated to Majapahit period

The high reliefs of Gajah Mada and Majapahit history depicted in Monas, has become the source of Indonesian national pride of past greatness.

Gajah Mada statue in front of Telecommunication Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. Palapa, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite launched on 9 July 1976 was named after Palapa oath.

Theatrical performance depicting the Mongol invasion of Java, performed by 150 students of Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta. The history of Majapahit continues to inspire contemporary artists.

Cropped portion of China Sea in the Miller atlas, showing six and three-masted jong.

Armor depicted in a statue from a candi in Singasari.

This Jiaozhi arquebus is similar to Java arquebus.

Deity holding a cuirass, from earlier, 10-11th century Nganjuk, East Java.

He is considered the founder of the Rajasa dynasty of both the Singhasari and later the Majapahit line of monarchs.

- Singhasari

Pararaton focuses on Ken Arok, the founder of Singhasari, but includes a number of shorter narrative fragments about the formation of Majapahit.

- Majapahit

16 related topics with Alpha

A Javanese bride and groom wearing their traditional garb

Javanese people

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The Javan or Javanese (Javanese:, Wong Jawa (in Ngoko register); , Tiyang Jawi (in Krama register)) are indigenous ethnic group native to the central and eastern hemisphere of Java island, Indonesia.

Javanese adapted many aspects of Indian culture, such as the Ramayana epic.

Sultan Amangkurat II of Mataram (upper right) watching warlord Untung Surapati fighting Captain Tack of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). ca 1684 AD.

A Javanese courtly ceremony at Keraton Surakarta in 1932.

Javanese cultural expressions, such as wayang and gamelan are often used to promote the excellence of Javanese culture.

Gamelan is one of Javanese cultural expression that demonstrate refinement.

Javanese priyayi (aristocrat) and servants, c. undefined 1865.

Example of Javanese cuisine. Clockwise: fried tempeh, mlinjo crackers, gudeg with rice wrapped in teak leaf, green chili sambal and sliced lime.

Nasi tumpeng, the quintessentially Javanese rice dish, symbolises the volcano.

Inhabitants of Jave la Grande (Great Java island), from Nicholas Vallard's manuscript sea atlas (1547). The people are armed with spear and shortsword with curving hilt, a feature of Indonesian weapon (golok?). The man riding a horse seems to be a leader or noble. The servant behind him carried a parasol. Several men is wearing turbans, which may indicate that they are Muslims, but the women did not cover their head like Muslims do (it needs to be noted that, this custom of Muslim women not wearing a veil in Indonesia is quite common until after World War 2). In the background are several raised wooden huts, also a feature of Indonesian building. It is unknown whether these huts are for dwelling or serve as a temporary shelter for people working on the orchard.

Javanese migrant workers in Suriname, circa 1940

A decorative kris with a figure of Semar as the handle. The bilah has thirteen luk

Weapons of Java: Machetes, maces, bow and arrows, blowpipe, sling

Short swords, shields, and a matchlock gun (istinggar)

Javanese woodworkers making traditional masks during the Dutch East Indies era

The carpenters' tools of the Javanese people

A drawing of Javanese manufacturing tools, handicrafts, and musical instruments

Javanese musical instruments, many of which require the skills of blacksmith and carpenters

Following the defeat of the Melayu Kingdom, Singhasari controlled trade in the Strait of Malacca.

Raden Wijaya would later establish Majapahit near the delta of the Brantas River in modern-day Mojokerto, East Java.

Kertanegara of Singasari (full name Sri Maharajadiraja Sri Kertanegara Wikrama Dharmatunggadewa), Kritanagara, or Sivabuddha (died 1292), was the last and most important ruler of the Singhasari kingdom of Java, reigning from 1268 to 1292.

Vijaya then established himself in the lower Brantas delta, where he built a settlement that would grow into the mighty empire of Majapahit.

Ken Arok

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Ken Arok (or Ken Angrok), Rajasa (died c. 1227), was the founder and first ruler of Singhasari (also spelled Singosari), a medieval Hindu kingdom in East Java.

He is considered the founder of the Rajasa dynasty of the Singhasari and Majapahit line of monarchs.

Jayakatwang

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Jayakatwang (died 1293) was the king of short lived second Kingdom of Kediri (also known as Gelang-gelang Kingdom) of Java, after his overthrow of Kertanegara, the last king of Singhasari.

Raden Wijaya would later turn against the Mongols and found Majapahit, a great empire centered around in Java.

Raden Wijaya

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The statue of Harihara, the god combination of Shiva and Vishnu. It was the mortuary deified portrayal of Kertarajasa. Originally located at Candi Simping, Blitar. (National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)

Raden Wijaya or Raden Vijaya (also known as Nararya Sangramawijaya, regnal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (reigned 1293–1309) was a Javanese emperor, and the founder and first monarch of the Majapahit Empire.

According to Pararaton, Raden Wijaya was the son of Mahisa Campaka, prince of Singhasari.

The statue of Amoghapasa on top of the inscription, sent from Bhumijava (Java) to Suvarnabhumi (Sumatra).

Pamalayu

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The Pamalayu campaign was a diplomatic and military expeditionary force sent by the Javanese King Kertanegara of Singhasari to conquer the Sumatran Melayu Kingdom.

However following his demise by Jayakatwang, princess Dara Petak would later be married to Kertanegara's successor, Raden Wijaya of Majapahit.

Kublai Khan's fleet passing through the Indonesian archipelago, by Sir Henry Yule (1871)

Mongol invasion of Java

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Island in modern Indonesia, with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers.

19th-century studio portrait of a native Javanese warrior with an iron kris-tipped spear (a tombak). The Javanese forces consisted mostly of lightly armored troops like this.

Painting of a 14th-century Yuan junk. Yuan naval armada consisted of this kind of ships.

21st century view of Brantas river in Kediri.

3-masted Javanese jong in Banten, this illustration is from 1610.

This was intended as a punitive expedition against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of their emissaries.

After a fierce campaign, Kediri surrendered, but the Yuan forces were betrayed by their erstwhile ally, Majapahit, under Raden Wijaya.

Kediri Kingdom

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Hindu-Buddhist in Indonesia Javanese Kingdom based in East Java from 1042 to around 1222.

Airlangga's embodiment statue as Lord Vishnu riding Garuda, found in Belahan, collection of Trowulan Museum, East Java.

Statue of Vishnu. Kediri, East Java, circa 12th–13th century

Srivijaya and Kediri around 12th to early 13th century AD

Vajrasattva. Eastern Java, Kediri period, 10th–11th century CE, bronze, 19.5 x 11.5 cm

Ganesha and a fragment of a temple at the residency in Kediri, 1866-1867

The name "Daha" was used in later Majapahit period, as the seat of rival court of Trowulan.

In 1222 he was forced to surrender his throne to Ken Arok and so lost the sovereignty of his kingdom to the new kingdom of Singhasari.

Srivijaya

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Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia), which influenced much of Southeast Asia.

Map of the expansion of the Srivijaya empire, beginning in Palembang in the 7th century, then extending to most of Sumatra, then expanding to Java, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung, Singapore, Malay Peninsula (also known as: Kra Peninsula), Thailand, Cambodia, South Vietnam, Kalimantan, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, and ended as the Malay Kingdom of Dharmasraya in Jambi in the 14th century

Talang Tuwo inscription, discovered in Bukit Seguntang area, tells the establishment of the sacred Śrīksetra park

Floating houses in Musi River bank near Palembang in 1917. The Srivijayan capital was probably formed from a collection of floating houses like this

Srivijaya Archaeological Park (green) located southwest from the centre of Palembang. The site forms an axis connecting Bukit Seguntang and Musi River.

Muaro Jambi Buddhist temple compound, a possible location of Srivijaya's religious center.

By the late 8th century, the political capital was shifted to Central Java, when the Sailendras rose to become the Maharaja of Srivijaya.

The Kedukan Bukit inscription displayed in the National Museum of Indonesia

The golden Malayu-Srivijayan Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva in Rataukapastuo, Muarabulian, Jambi, Indonesia

Malay polities in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. By the turn of the 8th century the states in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula were under Srivijayan domination.

The construction of the Borobudur was completed under the reign of Samaratunga of the Sailendra dynasty.

Ancient Javanese vessel depicted in Borobudur. In 990 King Dharmawangsa of Java launched a naval attack against Srivijaya in Sumatra.

A Siamese painting depicting the Chola raid on Kedah

Ruins of the Wat Kaew in Chaiya, dating from Srivijayan times

Candi Gumpung, a Buddhist temple at the Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds of the Melayu Kingdom, later integrated as one of Srivijaya's important urban centre

Statue of Amoghapasa on top of inscription (1286) sent by Kertanegara of Singhasari to be erected in Suvarnabhumi Dharmasraya

Telaga Batu inscription adorned with seven nāga heads on top, and a waterspout on the lower part to channel the water probably poured during a ceremonial allegiance ritual

Expansion of Buddhism
starting in the 5th century BCE from northern India to the rest of Asia, which followed both inland and maritime trade routes of the Silk Road. Srivijaya once served as a centre of Buddhist learning and expansion. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".

1 masa, silver coin of Srivijaya, circa 7th - 10th century.

Candi Tinggi, one of the temples within Muaro Jambi temple compound

Pagoda in Srivijaya style in Chaiya, Thailand

The gilded costume of South Sumatran Gending Sriwijaya dance invoked the splendour of the Srivijaya Empire.

The Sriwijaya Museum in Srivijaya Archaeological Park

The kingdom ceased to exist in the 13th century due to various factors, including the expansion of the competitor Javanese Singhasari and Majapahit empires.

Java

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One of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia.

Parahyangan highland near Buitenzorg, c. 1865–1872

Banteng at Alas Purwo, eastern edge of Java

Male Javan rhino shot in 1934 in West Java. Today only small numbers of Javan rhino survive in Ujung Kulon; it is the world's rarest rhino.

Mount Sumbing surrounded by rice fields. Java's volcanic topography and rich agricultural lands are the fundamental factors in its history.

Cangkuang Hindu temple a shrine for Shiva, dated from the 8th century the Galuh Kingdom.

The 9th century Borobudur Buddhist stupa in Central Java

Tea plantation in Java during Dutch colonial period, in or before 1926

Japanese prepare to discuss surrender terms with British-allied forces in Java 1945

SambaSunda music performance, featuring traditional Sundanese music instruments.

Lakshmana, Rama and Shinta in Ramayana ballet at Prambanan, Java.

Languages spoken in Java (Javanese is shown in white). "Malay" refers to Betawi, the local dialect as one of Malay creole dialect.

Water buffalo ploughing rice fields near Salatiga, in Central Java.

A Hindu shrine dedicated to King Siliwangi in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, Bogor.

Mendut Vihara, a Buddhist monastery near Mendut temple, Magelang.

Masjid Gedhe Kauman in Yogyakarta, build in traditional Javanese multi-tiered roof.

Ganjuran Church in Bantul, built in traditional Javanese architecture.

The eastern Javanese kingdoms of Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit were mainly dependent on rice agriculture, yet also pursued trade within the Indonesian archipelago, and with China and India.