A report on Majapahit and Srivijaya

The maximum extent of Srivijaya around the 8th century with a series of Srivijayan expeditions and conquest

The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the Nagarakretagama in 1365

Map of the expansion of the Srivijaya empire, beginning in Palembang in the 7th century, then extending to most of Sumatra, then expanding to Java, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung, Singapore, Malay Peninsula (also known as: Kra Peninsula), Thailand, Cambodia, South Vietnam, Kalimantan, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, and ended as the Malay Kingdom of Dharmasraya in Jambi in the 14th century

A maja fruit growing near Trowulan. The bitter-tasting fruit is the origin of the kingdom's name

Talang Tuwo inscription, discovered in Bukit Seguntang area, tells the establishment of the sacred Śrīksetra park

Nagarakretagama palm-leaf manuscript. Composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it provides a primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk.

Floating houses in Musi River bank near Palembang in 1917. The Srivijayan capital was probably formed from a collection of floating houses like this

Painting of a 14th-century Yuan junk. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.

Srivijaya Archaeological Park (green) located southwest from the centre of Palembang. The site forms an axis connecting Bukit Seguntang and Musi River.

King Kertarajasa portrayed as Harihara, amalgamation of Shiva and Vishnu. Originally located at Candi Simping, Blitar, today it is displayed in National Museum.

Muaro Jambi Buddhist temple compound, a possible location of Srivijaya's religious center.

Golden image of a mounted rider, possibly the Hindu god Surya, within a stylised solar halo. Below is a conch flanked by two nagas. 14th-century Majapahit art, National Museum Jakarta.

By the late 8th century, the political capital was shifted to Central Java, when the Sailendras rose to become the Maharaja of Srivijaya.

The statue of Parvati as mortuary deified portrayal of Tribhuwanottunggadewi, queen of Majapahit, mother of Hayam Wuruk.

The Kedukan Bukit inscription displayed in the National Museum of Indonesia

Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century to Demak Sultanate. The existing historical records from several sources only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.

The golden Malayu-Srivijayan Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva in Rataukapastuo, Muarabulian, Jambi, Indonesia

The terracotta figure popularly believed by Mohammad Yamin as the portrait of Gajah Mada, collection of Trowulan Museum. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.

Malay polities in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. By the turn of the 8th century the states in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula were under Srivijayan domination.

Gajah Mada inscription, dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King Kertanegara of Singhasari.

The construction of the Borobudur was completed under the reign of Samaratunga of the Sailendra dynasty.

Bronze cannon, called cetbang, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the Surya Majapahit emblem on the bronze cannon.

Ancient Javanese vessel depicted in Borobudur. In 990 King Dharmawangsa of Java launched a naval attack against Srivijaya in Sumatra.

The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports.

A Siamese painting depicting the Chola raid on Kedah

The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen Suhita (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, National Museum of Indonesia.

Ruins of the Wat Kaew in Chaiya, dating from Srivijayan times

Demak was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.

Candi Gumpung, a Buddhist temple at the Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds of the Melayu Kingdom, later integrated as one of Srivijaya's important urban centre

Wringin Lawang, the 15.5-meter tall red brick split gate in Trowulan, believed to be the entrance of an important compound.

Statue of Amoghapasa on top of inscription (1286) sent by Kertanegara of Singhasari to be erected in Suvarnabhumi Dharmasraya

The king of Java and his 7 vassal kings, as imagined in a 15th century British manuscript contained in Friar Odoric's account.

Telaga Batu inscription adorned with seven nāga heads on top, and a waterspout on the lower part to channel the water probably poured during a ceremonial allegiance ritual

The graceful Bidadari Majapahit, golden celestial apsara in Majapahit style perfectly describes Majapahit as "the golden age" of the archipelago.

Expansion of Buddhism
starting in the 5th century BCE from northern India to the rest of Asia, which followed both inland and maritime trade routes of the Silk Road. Srivijaya once served as a centre of Buddhist learning and expansion. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".

Gold figure from the Majapahit period representing Sutasoma being borne by the man-eater Kalmasapada.

1 masa, silver coin of Srivijaya, circa 7th - 10th century.

Palm leaf manuscript of Kakawin Sutasoma, a 14th-century Javanese poem.

Candi Tinggi, one of the temples within Muaro Jambi temple compound

Bas reliefs of Tegowangi temple, dated from Majapahit period, demonstrate the East Javanese style.

Pagoda in Srivijaya style in Chaiya, Thailand

Pair of door guardians from a temple, Eastern Java, 14th century, Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco.

The gilded costume of South Sumatran Gending Sriwijaya dance invoked the splendour of the Srivijaya Empire.

Jabung temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java, dated from Majapahit period.

The Sriwijaya Museum in Srivijaya Archaeological Park

The 16.5-metre tall Bajang Ratu Paduraksa gate, at Trowulan, echoed the grandeur of Majapahit.

The stepped terraces, pavilions, and split gates of Cetho temple complex on mount Lawu slopes.

Majapahit terracotta piggy bank, 14th or 15th century Trowulan, East Java. (Collection of National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)

Ancient red-brick canal discovered in Trowulan. Majapahit had a well-developed irrigation infrastructure.

Majapahit core realm and provinces (Mancanagara) in eastern and central parts of Java, including islands of Madura and Bali.

The extent of Majapahit's influence under Hayam Wuruk in 1365 according to Nagarakretagama.

A 1.79 kilogram, 21-karat Majapahit period gold image discovered in Agusan, Philippines, copied Nganjuk bronze images of the early Majapahit period, signify Majapahit cultural influence on southern Philippines.

14th-century gold armlets and rings in East Javanese Majapahit style, found at Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, suggests that Tumasik or Singapura was within Majapahit sphere of influence.

Adityawarman, a senior minister of Majapahit depicted as Bhairava. He established the Pagaruyung Kingdom in Central Sumatra.

On centre bottom row (no. 8) is a Yǒng-Lè Tōng-Bǎo (永樂通寶) cash coin cast under the Yǒng-Lè Emperor (永樂帝) of Ming dynasty. These were cast in great quantities and used by Ashikaga, Ryukyu, as well as Majapahit.

Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") in Denpasar, Bali, demonstrate the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.

The Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque.

Bas relief from Candi Penataran describes the Javanese-style pendopo pavilion, commonly found across Java and Bali.

The Kris of Knaud, one of the oldest surviving kris is dated to Majapahit period

The high reliefs of Gajah Mada and Majapahit history depicted in Monas, has become the source of Indonesian national pride of past greatness.

Gajah Mada statue in front of Telecommunication Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. Palapa, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite launched on 9 July 1976 was named after Palapa oath.

Genealogy diagram of Rajasa dynasty, the royal family of Singhasari and Majapahit. Rulers are highlighted with period of reign.

Theatrical performance depicting the Mongol invasion of Java, performed by 150 students of Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta. The history of Majapahit continues to inspire contemporary artists.

Cropped portion of China Sea in the Miller atlas, showing six and three-masted jong.

Armor depicted in a statue from a candi in Singasari.

This Jiaozhi arquebus is similar to Java arquebus.

Deity holding a cuirass, from earlier, 10-11th century Nganjuk, East Java.

The kingdom ceased to exist in the 13th century due to various factors, including the expansion of the competitor Javanese Singhasari and Majapahit empires.

- Srivijaya

He invited China to resume the tributary system, just like Srivijaya did several centuries earlier.

- Majapahit

29 related topics with Alpha

Kertanegara of Singhasari

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The last and most important ruler of the Singhasari kingdom of Java, reigning from 1268 to 1292.

Statue of Amoghapasa presented by Kertanegara of Singhasari to the Melayu Kingdom of East Sumatra

Around 1290, he launched the Pamalayu expedition to Sumatra, in order to conquer Jambi in the south, one of successor states to Srivijaya.

Vijaya then established himself in the lower Brantas delta, where he built a settlement that would grow into the mighty empire of Majapahit.

Terengganu

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Sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia.

The Terengganu Inscription Stone. The Jawi alphabet inscriptions are of local laws influenced by Sharia and thus one of the earliest proof of Islamic influence in Malaysia

A Mao Kun map from Wubei Zhi which comes from the 15th century navigation maps of Zheng He showing Trengganu (丁架路) at the top left.

Kemasik Beach, in the town of Kemasik, Kemaman District

Under the influence of Srivijaya, Terengganu traded extensively with the Majapahit Empire, the Khmer Empire and especially the Chinese.

The statue of Tribhuwanottungadewi, queen of Majapahit, depicted as Parvati

Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, known in her regnal name Tribhuwannottunggadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, also known as Dyah Gitarja, was a Javanese queen regnant and the third Majapahit monarch, reigning from 1328 to 1350.

Adityawarman was sent to conquer the rest of the Kingdom of Srivijaya and the Melayu Kingdom in 1347.

Notable mandalas in classical Southeast Asian history (c. undefined 5th to 15th century). From north to south; Bagan, Ayutthaya, Champa, Angkor, Srivijaya and Majapahit.

Mandala (political model)

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Sanskrit word meaning 'circle'.

Intersecting mandalas circa 1360: from north to south: Lan Xang, Lanna, Sukhothai, Ayutthaya, Khmer and Champa.

Bunga mas (Flowers of Gold), tribute from northern Malay states in Malay peninsula for Siam. National Museum, Kuala Lumpur.)

Historically, the main suzerain or overlord states were the Khmer Empire of Cambodia; Srivijaya of South Sumatra; the successive kingdoms of Medang, Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit of Java; the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand; Champa and early Đại Việt.

Mandala

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Geometric configuration of symbols.

The Womb Realm mandala. The center square represents the young stage of Vairocana. He is surrounded by eight Buddhas and bodhisattvas (clockwise from top: Ratnasambhava, Samantabhadra, Saṅkusumitarāja, Manjushri, Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Amoghasiddhi and Maitreya)

Vishnu Mandala(Traditionally found in Nepal)

Painted 17th-century Tibetan 'Five Deity Mandala', in the centre is Rakta Yamari (the Red Enemy of Death) embracing his consort Vajra Vetali, in the corners are the Red, Green, White and Yellow Yamaris, Rubin Museum of Art

Sandpainting showing Buddha mandala, which is made as part of the death rituals among Buddhist Newars of Nepal

Painted 19th century Tibetan mandala of the Naropa tradition, Vajrayogini stands in the center of two crossed red triangles, Rubin Museum of Art

Pure Land Taima Mandala, Kamakura period, 14th century, Japan (Kyushu National Museum)

The round window at the site of the Marsh Chapel Experiment supervised by Walter Pahnke

The Seal of God; a mystic heptagram symbol composed by Dee

Aerial view of the Boudhanath stupa resembles a mandala

Borobudur ground plan taking the form of a Mandala

7th century buddhist monastery in Bangladesh. Somapura Mahavihara

Phylogenetic tree of Hexapoda (insects and their six-legged relatives). Such trees have been called phylogenetic mandalas.

Cosmological mandala with Mount Meru, silk tapestry, China via The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Vajrabhairava mandala, silk tapestry, China via The Metropolitan Museum of Art

A diagramic drawing of the Sri Yantra, showing the outside square, with four T-shaped gates, and the central circle

Painted Bhutanese Medicine Buddha mandala with the goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin Museum of Art

Mandala painted by a patient of Carl Jung

Kalachakra mandala in a special glass pavilion. Buddhist pilgrims bypass the pavilion in a clockwise direction three times.Buryatiya, July 16, 2019

Empires such as Bagan, Ayutthaya, Champa, Khmer, Srivijaya and Majapahit are known as "mandala" in this sense.

Adityawarman

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King of Malayapura Suvarnabhumi, and is the successor of the Mauli dynasty based on central Sumatra.

He was the cousin of Jayanegara, king of Majapahit from 1309–1328, and the grandson of Tribhuwanaraja, king of Melayu Kingdom.

"At Malayapura, Adityawarman bore the royal title of Udayadityavarman (or Adityavarmodaya) Pratapaparakramarajendra Maulimalivarmadewa, a title which one scholar believes he can detect an attempt at synthesis of the royal title traditionally in use in Srivijaya and Malayu."

Panai among ancient Melayu kingdoms realm.

Pannai

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Buddhist kingdom located on the east coast of Northern Sumatra that existed between the 11th and 14th centuries.

Buddha Amitabha bronze statue from Pamutung in Padang Lawas. One of a few artifact linked to Pannai Kingdom

Bahal temple I, in Padang Lawas, North Sumatra. One of the remnants of Pannai Kingdom.

Historians suggest that Pannai was probably a principality or a vassal allied under the Srivijayan mandala and later to Dharmasraya kingdom.

Three centuries later, the name of the kingdom reappeared in Javanese source, the Nagarakretagama, written by Mpu Prapanca from Majapahit Empire dated 1365 (or 1287 Saka year).

Map of Pasai, at today's Lhokseumawe of Sumatra, Aceh province.

Samudera Pasai Sultanate

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Muslim harbour kingdom on the north coast of Sumatra from the 13th to the 16th centuries CE.

Cakra Donya bell was a gift from Zheng He during his voyage to Pasai.

By the 13th century the collapse of Srivijayan power, drew foreign traders to harbours on the northern Sumatran shores of the Bay of Bengal, safe from the pirate lairs at the southern end of the Strait of Malacca.

Majapahit attacked and looted the place in the middle of the 14th century.

Map of Srivijaya showing the location of Lamuri (at the tip of Sumatra)

Lambri

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Avalokiteshvara's head discovered in Aceh. The images of Amitabhas are adorned his crown. Srivijayan art c. 9th century, National Museum of Indonesia.

Lamuri or Lambri was a kingdom in northern Sumatra, Indonesia from the Srivijaya period until the early 16th century.

The 14th century work Nagarakretagama listed Lamuri as one of the vassal states of the Majapahit.