A report on Majapahit and Trowulan

Bajang Ratu, the elegant paduraksa-style gate at Trowulan, Mojokerto

The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the Nagarakretagama in 1365

A maja fruit growing near Trowulan. The bitter-tasting fruit is the origin of the kingdom's name

Trowulan Archaeological Site. The red square is archaeological sites, the light cyan is traces of ancient canals.

Nagarakretagama palm-leaf manuscript. Composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it provides a primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk.

Painting of a 14th-century Yuan junk. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.

Wringin Lawang, the gate at Trowulan, Mojokerto

King Kertarajasa portrayed as Harihara, amalgamation of Shiva and Vishnu. Originally located at Candi Simping, Blitar, today it is displayed in National Museum.

Golden image of a mounted rider, possibly the Hindu god Surya, within a stylised solar halo. Below is a conch flanked by two nagas. 14th-century Majapahit art, National Museum Jakarta.

The statue of Parvati as mortuary deified portrayal of Tribhuwanottunggadewi, queen of Majapahit, mother of Hayam Wuruk.

Majapahit terracotta piggy bank, 14th–15th century Trowulan, East Java. (Collection of the National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)

Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century to Demak Sultanate. The existing historical records from several sources only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.

The terracotta figure popularly believed by Mohammad Yamin as the portrait of Gajah Mada, collection of Trowulan Museum. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.

Gajah Mada inscription, dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King Kertanegara of Singhasari.

Bronze cannon, called cetbang, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the Surya Majapahit emblem on the bronze cannon.

The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports.

The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen Suhita (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, National Museum of Indonesia.

Demak was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.

Wringin Lawang, the 15.5-meter tall red brick split gate in Trowulan, believed to be the entrance of an important compound.

The king of Java and his 7 vassal kings, as imagined in a 15th century British manuscript contained in Friar Odoric's account.

The graceful Bidadari Majapahit, golden celestial apsara in Majapahit style perfectly describes Majapahit as "the golden age" of the archipelago.

Gold figure from the Majapahit period representing Sutasoma being borne by the man-eater Kalmasapada.

Palm leaf manuscript of Kakawin Sutasoma, a 14th-century Javanese poem.

Bas reliefs of Tegowangi temple, dated from Majapahit period, demonstrate the East Javanese style.

Pair of door guardians from a temple, Eastern Java, 14th century, Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco.

Jabung temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java, dated from Majapahit period.

The 16.5-metre tall Bajang Ratu Paduraksa gate, at Trowulan, echoed the grandeur of Majapahit.

The stepped terraces, pavilions, and split gates of Cetho temple complex on mount Lawu slopes.

Majapahit terracotta piggy bank, 14th or 15th century Trowulan, East Java. (Collection of National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)

Ancient red-brick canal discovered in Trowulan. Majapahit had a well-developed irrigation infrastructure.

Majapahit core realm and provinces (Mancanagara) in eastern and central parts of Java, including islands of Madura and Bali.

The extent of Majapahit's influence under Hayam Wuruk in 1365 according to Nagarakretagama.

A 1.79 kilogram, 21-karat Majapahit period gold image discovered in Agusan, Philippines, copied Nganjuk bronze images of the early Majapahit period, signify Majapahit cultural influence on southern Philippines.

14th-century gold armlets and rings in East Javanese Majapahit style, found at Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, suggests that Tumasik or Singapura was within Majapahit sphere of influence.

Adityawarman, a senior minister of Majapahit depicted as Bhairava. He established the Pagaruyung Kingdom in Central Sumatra.

On centre bottom row (no. 8) is a Yǒng-Lè Tōng-Bǎo (永樂通寶) cash coin cast under the Yǒng-Lè Emperor (永樂帝) of Ming dynasty. These were cast in great quantities and used by Ashikaga, Ryukyu, as well as Majapahit.

Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") in Denpasar, Bali, demonstrate the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.

The Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque.

Bas relief from Candi Penataran describes the Javanese-style pendopo pavilion, commonly found across Java and Bali.

The Kris of Knaud, one of the oldest surviving kris is dated to Majapahit period

The high reliefs of Gajah Mada and Majapahit history depicted in Monas, has become the source of Indonesian national pride of past greatness.

Gajah Mada statue in front of Telecommunication Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. Palapa, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite launched on 9 July 1976 was named after Palapa oath.

Genealogy diagram of Rajasa dynasty, the royal family of Singhasari and Majapahit. Rulers are highlighted with period of reign.

Theatrical performance depicting the Mongol invasion of Java, performed by 150 students of Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta. The history of Majapahit continues to inspire contemporary artists.

Cropped portion of China Sea in the Miller atlas, showing six and three-masted jong.

Armor depicted in a statue from a candi in Singasari.

This Jiaozhi arquebus is similar to Java arquebus.

Deity holding a cuirass, from earlier, 10-11th century Nganjuk, East Java.

It includes approximately 100 square kilometres and has been theorized to be the site of the eponymous capital city of the Majapahit Empire, which is described by Mpu Prapanca in the 14th-century poem Nagarakretagama and in a 15th-century Chinese source.

- Trowulan

The name originally referred to the area in and around Trowulan, the cradle of Majapahit, which was linked to the establishment of a village in Tarik timberland by Raden Wijaya.

- Majapahit

11 related topics with Alpha

Gajah Mada

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Gajah Mada (c.

The terracotta figure collection of Trowulan Museum. Mohammad Yamin used this clay image as a popular depiction of Gajah Mada.

The expansion of the Majapahit empire in the 14th century much owed to Gajah Mada

According Nagarakretagama, Bubat square is located on northern parts of Majapahit capital city. The residence of Mahapatih Gajah Mada also located in northern part of the city, tradition linked this gate with Gajah Mada's residence.

1290 – c. 1364), also known as Jirnnodhara was, according to Old Javanese manuscripts, poems, and mythology, a powerful military leader and Mahapatih (the approximate equivalent of a modern Prime Minister) of the Javanese empire of Majapahit during the 14th century.

When Rakrian Kuti, one of the officials in Majapahit, rebelled against the Majapahit king Jayanegara (ruled 1309–1328) in 1321, Gajah Mada and the mahapatih Arya Tadah helped the king and his family to escape the capital city of Trowulan.

East Java

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Province of Indonesia located in the easternmost hemisphere of Java island.

Statues of Singhasari temple, circa 1910s

The Ampel Mosque in Surabaya, the oldest surviving mosque in Java and second oldest in Indonesia, was built in 1421.

Operation Transom, destroyed Tanjung Perak in 1944.

Eastern Salient of Java mountain range view from Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park at early morning

Light snow and frost is common at East Java highlands over 1500 meters above sea level in middle of year during late night until morning.

Surabaya is one of the industrial, transportational, commercial, and financial center of Indonesia.

Penataran train in Malang railway station

Terminal 1 of Juanda International Airport

Islamic Santri students celebrate Santri day in Southern Malang

Rujak Cingur, traditional dish from East Java

CLS Knights, most famous professional basketball club in Indonesia.

Islamic Ampel Mosque, Surabaya (circa 1920s)

Kayutangan Catholic Church, Downtown Malang (circa 1935)

Traditional East Java Christian Church, Mojowarno, Jombang

Tengger (Hindu temple) Pura Luhur Ponten, near Bromo Crater

Buddhist Maha Vihara Mojopahit, Trowulan, Mojokerto

Sempu Island, located in the south of Malang

Ken Arok dynasty's descendants became kings of Singhasari and Majapahit from the 13th until the 15th century.

In addition, several Islamic tombs were discovered in Trowulan, located in what is now part of the Mojokerto Regency, near the site of the former Majapahit palace.

Trowulan Museum

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A sculpture depicting Samodramanthana, the churning of sea of milk.

The Trowulan Museum is an archaeological museum located in Trowulan, Mojokerto, in East Java, Indonesia.

The location is one of the more important in Indonesia in relation to tracing the history of Majapahit

Modern artist's impression of Jayanagara

Jayanegara

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Bajang Ratu gate in Trowulan palace compound

Jayanegara or Jayanagara (formal regnal name Sri Maharaja Wiralandagopala Sri Sundarapandya Dewa Adhiswara, or Sri Sundarapandyadevadhisvara Vikramottungadeva, also known as Kala Gemet), Prince of Kediri in 1295, reigned from 1309 to 1328, was a Javanese emperor and the second monarch of Majapahit empire.

The Bajang Ratu gate in Trowulan was traditionally linked to Jayanegara.

Majapahit head; 13th-15th century; terracotta; 6 x 6 x 4.2 cm. Although simply modeled, this head is very expressive and, although it is small (6 cm) the details can clearly be seen. She wears a head band and her hair, piled on the left is also tied bt the scarf. There is a leaf over her right ear. Her ear rings are large and tubular

Majapahit Terracotta

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High fired figurine with a glaze drip on her breast

Majapahit Terracotta is the terracotta art and craft dated from Majapahit era circa 13th to 15th century.

Significant terracotta earthenware artifacts from this period were discovered in Trowulan, East Java.

Girindrawardhana

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Prabhu Natha Girindrawardhana Dyah Ranawijaya (born Ranawijaya) was the ruler of the Majapahit Empire between 1474 and 1498.

Ranawijaya was born in Trowulan (also called Wilwatikta) to King Singhawikramawardhana during a time of upheaval and decline across the Empire.

Sri Tanjung

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Javanese folktale about a faithful wife who was wrongfully accused.

The story has been popular since the era of the Majapahit kingdom.

The story of Sri Tanjung can be found on bas reliefs of the teples at Penataran, Bajang Ratu, Candi Surawana and Jabung.

Champa

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Comtemporary central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century AD until 1832, when it was annexed by the Vietnamese Empire under its emperor Minh Mạng.

This Cham head of Shiva was made of electrum around 800. It decorated a kosa, or metal sleeve fitted to a liṅgam. One can recognise Shiva by the tall chignon hairstyle and by the third eye in the middle of his forehead.

Crown of Champa in 7th and 8th century. (Museum of Vietnamese History)

Epigraph of king Jaya Paramesvaravarman II (r. 1220–1254), the liberator of Champa from Khmer rule.

Depiction of a couple of highland man and Cham lady in the Boxer Codex from 1590

Supposedly zenith of Champa territorial expansion during the reign of Che Bong Nga (r. 1360-1390)

1801 map of Southeast Asia by John Cary showing Panduranga Champa (Tsiompa)

11th-century sculpture depicting the court of Champa with king, court officials, and servants. Museum of Cham Sculpture.

Champa (ca. 11th century) at its greatest extent

Closeup of the inscription in Cham script on the Po Nagar stele, 965. The stele describes feats by the Champa kings.

9th-century Dong Duong (Indrapura) sculpture describes the early life of Prince Siddhārtha Gautama (who is sitting on a mule).

Mỹ Sơn is the site of the largest collection of Cham ruins.

Champa ladies dance at Poklong Garai stupa in Phan Rang.

A Vietnamese Shiva figure made by sandstone in Vong La temple, Hanoi, dated 12th century

Sculpture of Cham mounted archers on chariots. {{circa}} 11th–13th century.

Depiction of a Cham–Khmer naval battle, stone relief at the Bayon.

12th-century Champa marines wore various types of armor.

Bas reliefs from the Bayon Temple depicting battle scene between Cham (wearing helmets) and Khmer troops

Remain of My Son E1 temples which was constructed by King Prakāśadharma (r. 653–687). The complex barely survived the Vietnam War.

Đồng Dương (Indrapura) Buddha statue, 9th century AD. Museum of Vietnamese History

Phu Loc tower, a Cham kalan archetype, Binh Dinh, constructed in late 13th century. A remain of Vijaya.

Bas relief of animals and beasties from Tra Kieu, c. 900-1100. Museum of Cham Sculpture.

Champa also had close trade and cultural relations with the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya and later with the Majapahit of the Malay Archipelago, its easternmost trade relations being with the kingdoms of Butuan and Sulu in the Philippines.

The Islamic tomb of Putri Champa (Princess of Champa) can be found in Trowulan, East Java, the site of the Majapahit imperial capital.

Candi bentar

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Classical Javanese and Balinese gateway entrance commonly found at the entrance of religious compounds, kraton palaces, or cemeteries in Indonesia.

Wringin Lawang split gate at Trowulan, one of the oldest surviving candi bentar.

Balinese dance performance in front of candi bentar and paduraksa gates.

A candi bentar structure appears in a relief at the 13th-century Candi Jago.

A row of candi bentars at Kaibon Palace, Banten.

The Majapahit style candi bentar of Menara Kudus Mosque.

A Cirebon-style candi bentar as a gate of bus terminal in Cirebon.

A Candi bentar in Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali

There are several different styles of candi bentar, from plain red bricks structure of Majapahit-style with its derivations of Cirebon, Demak, Kudus and early Mataram Sultanate style, the stucco-coated split gates of Kaibon Palace in Banten also in city of Surakarta and Yogyakarta, to the richly adorned split gates of Balinese temples and palaces compound.

In the archaeological site of Trowulan – the 14th-century capital of the Majapahit empire – a candi bentar named Wringin Lawang (Javanese "the Banyan Tree Gate"), is among the oldest candi bentar that still stands.

French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies

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French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies were a relatively short period of French and followed by British interregnum on the Dutch East Indies that took place between 1806 and 1816.

A map of Java: Chiefly from surveys made during the British administration constructed in illustration of an account of Java by Thomas Stamford Raffles

Java Great Post Road, commissioned by Daendels.

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, British lieutenant governor of Java.

Captain Robert Maunsell capturing French gunboats off Java, July 1811

Other archaeological sites in Java such as Prambanan Hindu temple and ancient Majapahit city of Trowulan, also came to light during his administration.