Majapahit and Related Topics

Kelulus

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Type of rowing boat used in Indonesia.

The earliest report of kelulus is from Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai (Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai) of the 14th century, in which they are mentioned as one type of vessel used by the Majapahit empire.

Raden Patah

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First sultan of Demak Sultanate.

He became sultan in 1475, but the sultanate remained a vassal of Majapahit Empire until 1478.

Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi

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The princess of the Sunda Kingdom in Western Java.

According to the Pararaton or Book of Kings, she was supposed to marry Hayam Wuruk, the new young king of Majapahit who had a great desire to take her as his queen.

Kris

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Asymmetrical dagger with distinctive blade-patterning achieved through alternating laminations of iron and nickelous iron .

Kris depicted on 9th century Borobudur bas-relief.

Kris as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

Kris blacksmith's workshop depicted in 15th century Candi Sukuh.

The Kris of Knaud (1342 AD) from Majapahit period, exhibited at Tropenmuseum, Netherland

A kris of Majapahit from Majapahit era (13th–16th CE), in the collection of the Rijksmuseum, Netherland

Varieties of Javanese keris, The History of Java by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817).

A lithograph depiction of kris blacksmith in Java, Dutch East Indies circa 1854.

Kris worn by Yogyakarta Sultan's palace guard.

A decorative kris with a figure of Semar as the handle. The blade has thirteen luk.

The shiny nickelous pattern (pamor) on dark iron background visible on kris' blade.

Richly decorated Balinese kris hilt coated with gold, adorned with rubies.

Keris sheath of Ladrang Surakarta style.

Various ways of wearing kris in Javanese culture.

Barong dance performance with kris-wielding dancers and Rangda in Bali.

19th-century studio portrait of a native Javanese warrior with an iron kris-tipped spear (a tombak)

The Kris Taming Sari as seen third from the left, among the rest of the Perak royal regalia, 1907.

Javanese kris and scabbard displayed in Museum Volkenkunde, Leiden, the Netherlands.

Weapon of Java: Keris, The History of Java by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817).

Gusti Ngurah Ketut Djelantik, Lord of Buleleng, Bali (c. 1870), wore kris as a symbol of power and authority.

A Javanese man in court dress, The History of Java by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817).

A Javanese chief, in his ordinary dress, The History of Java by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817).

A Javanese man in war dress, The History of Java by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817).

A Javanese man of the lower class, The History of Java by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817).

Sultan Hamengkubuwono VI, King of Yogyakarta Sultanate (1855-1877), dressed in royal majesty attire including his kris.

Portrait of Prince Diponegoro with kris, one of Indonesia's national heroes from Java, c. 1835.

Wayang kulit depicting Prabu Pandu Dewanata with his kris.

Wayang Klithik (Flat Wooden Puppet) figure of Damar Wulan with his kris, Tropenmuseum Collectons, before 1933

thumb| Wayang Golek Menak in Java, Jayengrana with his kris, a collection of Tropenmuseum, Netherland. before 2003.

Prime Minister of Malaysia Ismail Sabri Yaakob with Indonesian Defense Minister Prabowo Subianto while receiving his honorary visit at the Wisma Pertahanan on 30 October 2021.

Flag of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

However, Raffles' (1817) study of the Candi Sukuh states that the kris recognized today came into existence around 1361 AD in the kingdom of Majapahit, East Java.

The statue of Amoghapasa on top of the inscription, sent from Bhumijava (Java) to Suvarnabhumi (Sumatra).

Pamalayu

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Diplomatic and military expeditionary force sent by the Javanese King Kertanegara of Singhasari to conquer the Sumatran Melayu Kingdom.

However following his demise by Jayakatwang, princess Dara Petak would later be married to Kertanegara's successor, Raden Wijaya of Majapahit.

Buddha in an open stupa and the main stupa of Borobudur in the background.

Candi of Indonesia

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Hindu or Buddhist temple in Indonesia, mostly built during the Zaman Hindu-Buddha or "Hindu-Buddhist period" between circa the 4th and 15th centuries.

Prambanan temple compound. The towering candi prasada (temple towers) are believed to represent the cosmic Mount Meru, the abode of gods.

Borobudur ground plan taking the form of a Mandala

The Shiva temple Candi Prambanan consist of three ascending realms, temple's base (Bhurloka), body (Bhurvaloka) and roof (Svarloka).

Bima temple, one of Dieng temples. It was one of the earliest temples in Java.

Interlocking andesite stone blocks forming a corbeling arch in Borobudur.

Red brick Jabung temple, dated from Majapahit period.

Traces of worn off vajralepa plaster on Sari's relief.

Kala-makara on the portal of Borobudur gates, Kala's head on top of the portal and makaras flanking either sides.

Central Javanese linga-yoni with spout decorated and supported by nāga serpent, Yogyakarta 9th century.

Rama killing evil giant, bas-relief of Ramayana on Prambanan temple, Central Java style.

Hanuman battling enemy, bas-relief of Ramayana on Penataran temple, East Java style.

Kinnara (male), Kinnari (female), Apsara, and Devata guarding Kalpataru, the divine tree of life. 8th century Pawon temple, Java, Indonesia.

A Bodhisattva flanked by two Taras in Sewu temple.

A Devata flanked by two apsaras in Prambanan temple.

One of dvarapala statues guarding Sewu temple.

Bell-shaped perforated stupas of Borobudur.

Map showing the location of the main sites of the so-called "Indonesian classical period" or Hindu-Buddhist period. Black dots represent Hindu sites and red dots Buddhist sites.

Blandongan, Batujaya, 2nd to 12th century, Karawang, West Java

Gumpung, Muaro Jambi, 7th-12th century, Jambi

Bojongmenje, 7th century, Rancaekek, Bandung, West Java

Cangkuang, 8th century, Leles, Garut, West Java

Candi Bima, 7th-8th century, Dieng Plateau

Candi Puntadewa, 7th-8th century, Dieng Plateau

Candi Arjuna, 7th-8th century, Dieng Plateau

Candi Srikandi, 7th-8th century, Dieng Plateau

Candi Gatotkaca, 7th-8th century, Dieng Plateau

Candi Semar, 7th-8th century, Dieng Plateau

Candi Gedong Songo, 7th-8th century, Ungaran

Kalasan temple, 8th century, near Prambanan

Bubrah, 8th century, part of Sewu Mandala

Gana temple, 8th century, part of Sewu Mandala

Ngawen temple, 8th century, Muntilan, Central Java

Mendut temple, 8th century, near Borobudur

Candi Gebang, 8th-9th century, Yogyakarta

Asu Temple, 8th-9th century, Sengi, Magelang

Lumbung Sengi temple, 8th-9th century, Sengi, Sawangan, Magelang

Pawon temple, 9th century, between Borobudur and Mendut

Borobudur, 9th century, Magelang, Central Java, world's largest Buddhist monument

Prambanan, 9th century, the largest Hindu Temple in Indonesia

Kimpulan, 9th-10th century, Kaliurang, Yogyakarta

Morangan temple, 9th-10th century, Ngemplak, Sleman, Yogyakarta

Merak temple, 10th century, Klaten, Central Java

Ijo Temple, 10th-11th century, Yogyakarta

Belahan temple, fountain and pool, 11th century, Mount Penanggungan, Gempol, Pasuruan, East Java

Candi Gunung Gangsir, 11th century, Pasuruan, East Java

Candi Mengening, 11th century, Tampaksiring, Bali

Gunung Kawi, 11th century, Tampak Siring, Bali

Bahal temple, 11th-13th century, North Sumatra

Candi Plumbangan, 14th century, Blitar, East Java

Simping temple, 14th century, Sumberjati, Blitar, East Java

Candi Gayatri, 14th century, Boyolangu, Tulungagung, East Java

Candi Wringin Lawang, Trowulan, 14th century

Jabung, Paiton, Probolinggo, 14th century

Candi Pari, 14th century, Porong, Sidoarjo

Examples of non-temple candis are the Bajang Ratu and Wringin Lawang gates of Majapahit.

Mataram Kingdom

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Javanese Hindu–Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries.

The Plaosan temple with Mount Merapi in the background.

Canggal inscription (732), created by King Sanjaya.

The 9th century Central Javanese gold and silver image of the Mahayana Buddhist goddess Tara

The construction of Kalasan temple was mentioned in Kalasan inscription, under the auspices of King Panangkaran.

The construction of Manjusrigrha temple was mentioned in Manjusrigrha inscription, under the auspices of King Panangkaran and completed during Dharanindra reign.

The construction of Mendut temple was initiated and completed during the reign of King Indra (r. 780–800), a valiant king of Shailendra dynasty.

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (circa 900 CE) from the Laguna de Bay area in Luzon, the Philippines. The inscription invokes the "chief" (pamegat) of "Mdang" as one of the authorities in the clearing of a debt owed to the "chief and commander" (pamegat senapati) of "Tundun".

The massive stone stupa-mandala of Borobudur was completed in 825 during the reign of King Samaratungga.

Ratu Boko, a fortified hill, probably referred in Shivagrha inscription as the location of a battle.

Shivagrha inscription dated 778 Saka (856 CE), one of the historical source dated from the Mataram Kingdom.

Ijo, a 10th-century Hindu temple located on Ijo Hill Southeast from Prambanan

A battle scene depicted on a bas-relief in Prambanan.

Sajiwan Buddhist temple, linked to Nini Haji Rakryan Sanjiwana or Sri Kahulunnan

Borobudur ship, a ship used by Javanese people for sailing as far as Ghana.

Towering Merapi volcano overlooking Prambanan prasad tower. It was suggested that Merapi volcanic eruption had devastated Mataram capital, forcing them to relocate in the east.

Sambisari temple buried five metres under volcanic debris of Mount Merapi.

Barong Hindu temple, constructed on large terraces.

Badut temple near Malang, East Java circa 8th century

Anjukladang inscription (937), issued by King Sindok during his power consolidation in East Java.

Bodhisattva Manjushri from Goa Gajah cave, Bali, demonstrated the influence of Javanese Mataram Sailendran art.

Ancient Javanese vessel depicted in Borobudur. In 990 King Dharmawangsa launched a naval attack against Srivijaya in Sumatra, the hostility between two kingdoms has led to the collapse of Mataram kingdom.

Buddhist bronze figure depicting Boddhisattva Padmapani, 10th-century dated from late period of Mataram Kingdom

The scene of the Javanese court depicted in Borobudur bas relief

Prambanan prāsāda (towers) viewed from Ratu Boko hill, the area in Prambanan Plain was the location of the Mataram capital.

The bas relief of 8th century Borobudur depicts the scene in royal court.

Image of Boddhisattva on Plaosan temple.

The bas-relief in 8th century Borobudur depicting rice agriculture in ancient Java

Earliest evidence of a currency system in Java — Javanese gold mas or tahil ingots, circa the 9th century

A nobleman accompanied by his entourage and servants, a bas-relief of Borobudur.

A Buddhist hermit meditating in secluded forest, Borobudur bas-relief

The statue of Dhyani Buddha Vairocana, Avalokitesvara, and Vajrapani inside the Mendut temple

Shiva statue in main chamber of Prambanan.

The Wonoboyo hoard displays the immense wealth and artistic achievement of the Mataram kingdom.

The magnificent 9th-century Hindu temple of Prambanan, Yogyakarta, was a major Hindu monument in the kingdom of Mataram.

Bas relief in Prambanan depicting a scene taken from Ramayana. The translation of Indian epic into Javanese Kakawin Ramayana took place during Mataram kingdom.

National Vesak ceremony in Borobudur, the Hindu-Buddhist temples dated from Mataram Kingdom are especially important for pilgrimage and ceremony for Indonesian Buddhist and Hindus.

The Javanese Ramayana Ballet perform in Prambanan open air stage. The Mataram Kingdom era has left a profound impact in Javanese culture.

The proper urban development as a city took place later in 13th-century Majapahit's Trowulan.

Empire

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A "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries".

Diachronic map of the main empires of the modern era (1492–1945).

Map showing the four empires of Eurasia in the 2nd century AD

All areas of the world that were once part of the Portuguese Empire. The Portuguese established in the early 16th century together with the Spanish Empire the first global empire and trade network.

In the 7th century, Maritime Southeast Asia witnessed the rise of a Buddhist thallasocracy, the Srivijaya Empire, which thrived for 600 years and was succeeded by the Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit Empire that ruled from the 13th to 15th centuries.