A report on Majapahit

The greatest extent of Majapahit influence based on the Nagarakretagama in 1365
A maja fruit growing near Trowulan. The bitter-tasting fruit is the origin of the kingdom's name
Nagarakretagama palm-leaf manuscript. Composed by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it provides a primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk.
Painting of a 14th-century Yuan junk. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.
King Kertarajasa portrayed as Harihara, amalgamation of Shiva and Vishnu. Originally located at Candi Simping, Blitar, today it is displayed in National Museum.
Golden image of a mounted rider, possibly the Hindu god Surya, within a stylised solar halo. Below is a conch flanked by two nagas. 14th-century Majapahit art, National Museum Jakarta.
The statue of Parvati as mortuary deified portrayal of Tribhuwanottunggadewi, queen of Majapahit, mother of Hayam Wuruk.
Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century to Demak Sultanate. The existing historical records from several sources only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.
The terracotta figure popularly believed by Mohammad Yamin as the portrait of Gajah Mada, collection of Trowulan Museum. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.
Gajah Mada inscription, dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King Kertanegara of Singhasari.
Bronze cannon, called cetbang, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the Surya Majapahit emblem on the bronze cannon.
The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports.
The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen Suhita (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, National Museum of Indonesia.
Demak was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.
Wringin Lawang, the 15.5-meter tall red brick split gate in Trowulan, believed to be the entrance of an important compound.
The king of Java and his 7 vassal kings, as imagined in a 15th century British manuscript contained in Friar Odoric's account.
The graceful Bidadari Majapahit, golden celestial apsara in Majapahit style perfectly describes Majapahit as "the golden age" of the archipelago.
Gold figure from the Majapahit period representing Sutasoma being borne by the man-eater Kalmasapada.
Palm leaf manuscript of Kakawin Sutasoma, a 14th-century Javanese poem.
Bas reliefs of Tegowangi temple, dated from Majapahit period, demonstrate the East Javanese style.
Pair of door guardians from a temple, Eastern Java, 14th century, Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco.
Jabung temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java, dated from Majapahit period.
The 16.5-metre tall Bajang Ratu Paduraksa gate, at Trowulan, echoed the grandeur of Majapahit.
The stepped terraces, pavilions, and split gates of Cetho temple complex on mount Lawu slopes.
Majapahit terracotta piggy bank, 14th or 15th century Trowulan, East Java. (Collection of National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta)
Ancient red-brick canal discovered in Trowulan. Majapahit had a well-developed irrigation infrastructure.
Majapahit core realm and provinces (Mancanagara) in eastern and central parts of Java, including islands of Madura and Bali.
The extent of Majapahit's influence under Hayam Wuruk in 1365 according to Nagarakretagama.
A 1.79 kilogram, 21-karat Majapahit period gold image discovered in Agusan, Philippines, copied Nganjuk bronze images of the early Majapahit period, signify Majapahit cultural influence on southern Philippines.
Asia in the early 14th century
14th-century gold armlets and rings in East Javanese Majapahit style, found at Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, suggests that Tumasik or Singapura was within Majapahit sphere of influence.
Adityawarman, a senior minister of Majapahit depicted as Bhairava. He established the Pagaruyung Kingdom in Central Sumatra.
On centre bottom row (no. 8) is a Yǒng-Lè Tōng-Bǎo (永樂通寶) cash coin cast under the Yǒng-Lè Emperor (永樂帝) of Ming dynasty. These were cast in great quantities and used by Ashikaga, Ryukyu, as well as Majapahit.
Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") in Denpasar, Bali, demonstrate the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.
The Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque.
Bas relief from Candi Penataran describes the Javanese-style pendopo pavilion, commonly found across Java and Bali.
The Kris of Knaud, one of the oldest surviving kris is dated to Majapahit period
The high reliefs of Gajah Mada and Majapahit history depicted in Monas, has become the source of Indonesian national pride of past greatness.
Gajah Mada statue in front of Telecommunication Museum in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta. Palapa, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite launched on 9 July 1976 was named after Palapa oath.
Genealogy diagram of Rajasa dynasty, the royal family of Singhasari and Majapahit. Rulers are highlighted with period of reign.
Theatrical performance depicting the Mongol invasion of Java, performed by 150 students of Indonesian Institute of the Arts, Yogyakarta. The history of Majapahit continues to inspire contemporary artists.
Cropped portion of China Sea in the Miller atlas, showing six and three-masted jong.
Armor depicted in a statue from a candi in Singasari.
This Jiaozhi arquebus is similar to Java arquebus.
Deity holding a cuirass, from earlier, 10-11th century Nganjuk, East Java.
Various keris and pole weapons of Java

Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia).

- Majapahit

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Depiction of the hero Damarwulan in a wayang klitik puppet.

Damarwulan

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Javanese legendary hero who appears in a cycle of stories used in the performance of wayang klitik, as well as Langendriya and ketoprak (popular theater).

Javanese legendary hero who appears in a cycle of stories used in the performance of wayang klitik, as well as Langendriya and ketoprak (popular theater).

Depiction of the hero Damarwulan in a wayang klitik puppet.
Depiction of the villain Menak Jingga in a wayang klitik puppet.

These stories tell of the struggles between the Majapahit and Blambangan kingdoms, in which Damarwulan gains honor.

A bas relief of Sri Tanjung tales in Penataran temple depicting Raden Sidapaksa and Sri Tanjung

Sri Tanjung

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Javanese folktale about a faithful wife who was wrongfully accused.

Javanese folktale about a faithful wife who was wrongfully accused.

A bas relief of Sri Tanjung tales in Penataran temple depicting Raden Sidapaksa and Sri Tanjung

The story has been popular since the era of the Majapahit kingdom.

Hinduism in Indonesia

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Practised by about 1.74% of the total population, and almost 87% of the population in Bali.

Practised by about 1.74% of the total population, and almost 87% of the population in Bali.

Religion map in Indonesia with Hinduism shown in red.
Devotees climbing the trail towards Mount Bromo during Yadnya Kasada.
Greater India, Indosphere and historic expansion of Hinduism in Southeast Asia.
Archeological evidence suggests Tarumanagara as one of the earliest known Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. The map shows its geographic spread in West Java in the 5th century CE.
The Balinese Om symbol
Acintya is the Supreme God in Balinese Hinduism.
Sculpture of "Batara Guru", an aspect of Shiva in Indonesian Hinduism.
The Hindu Balinese temple offering in Bali
The 9th century Prambanan Shiva temple, the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia.
Java's Hindu temple, Candi Sambisari.
Pura Luhur Poten in Mount Bromo
Tamil Hindus walking around the Sri Mariamman Temple, in Medan
Child dressed up for a festive Hindu dance in Ubud, Bali
Balinese pura (Hindu temple) dance
Street decoration in Bali for the Hindu festival Galungan. It celebrates the victory of dharma over adharma (right over wrong).
Balinese Hindus built a shrine dedicated to Sundanese Hindu King Sri Baduga Maharaja Sang Ratu Jaya Dewata in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, Bogor, West Java.
Many Indonesians (no matter what religion) use Hindu names such as Wisnu, Surya, Indra, Arya, Putra, Aditya, Sita, etc. The police officer above has the name written "Tri Wisnu".
Tengger Hindu temple at Tengger caldera in East Java
Colourful and festive Hindu rituals of Bali is one of island's attractions.
Garuda Pancasila is said to be inspired from Garuda.
King Siliwangi, of Hindu Sunda kingdom.
Balinese Hindu temple, Pura Taman Saraswati, dedicated to the goddess Sarasvati, Ubud, Bali.
A Candi in Ubud.
Prambanan, the largest Hindu temple compound in Indonesia.
Lingam in Indonesia, in a temple.
Pura Jagat Natha.

These ideas continued to develop during the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires.

Chronogram on the Belfry of Thuin in Belgium: " reæDIfICor baptIstæ CherMan̄e soLertIa"

Chronogram

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Sentence or inscription in which specific letters, interpreted as numerals , stand for a particular date when rearranged.

Sentence or inscription in which specific letters, interpreted as numerals , stand for a particular date when rearranged.

Chronogram on the Belfry of Thuin in Belgium: " reæDIfICor baptIstæ CherMan̄e soLertIa"
Chronogram at statue near church in Dolany (Czech Republic). In honoreM InsIgnIs athLetae DIVI fLorIanI IneXstrVCta 1729
Chronogram at cross in Uničov (Czech Republic). TVrpIs aMor VeXat ChrIstI DILeCtIo sanat aD CrVCeM pLan- gens eXVo tVrpe nefas 1775
Chronogram above the entrance of the Hospital of the Five Wounds in Hildesheim, Germany. CVra BonIfaCII, PrIMo, QVo PraefVIt Anno Abbas SpeCtatos CoLLoCat HosCe Lares. 1770.

For example, the chandrasengkala "sirna ilang kertaning bumi" ("the wealth of earth disappeared and diminished") (sirna = 0, ilang = 0, kerta = 4, bumi = 1) corresponds to the year 1400 in the Saka calendar (1478 CE), the date of the fall of the Majapahit Empire.

Tantu Pagelaran

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Tantu Pagelaran or Tangtu Panggelaran is an Old Javanese manuscript written in the Kawi language that originated from the 15th century Majapahit period.

Majapahit head; 13th-15th century; terracotta; 6 x 6 x 4.2 cm. Although simply modeled, this head is very expressive and, although it is small (6 cm) the details can clearly be seen. She wears a head band and her hair, piled on the left is also tied bt the scarf. There is a leaf over her right ear. Her ear rings are large and tubular

Majapahit Terracotta

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Majapahit head; 13th-15th century; terracotta; 6 x 6 x 4.2 cm. Although simply modeled, this head is very expressive and, although it is small (6 cm) the details can clearly be seen. She wears a head band and her hair, piled on the left is also tied bt the scarf. There is a leaf over her right ear. Her ear rings are large and tubular
High fired figurine with a glaze drip on her breast
Majapahit Terracotta head
Majapahit figurine
Majapahit Terracotta Nandi
Frieze with 6 bricks
[Pot stand]
Miniature Kendi Ht 6.5 cm

Majapahit Terracotta is the terracotta art and craft dated from Majapahit era circa 13th to 15th century.

Traditional Balinese painting depicting cockfighting, by I Ketut Ginarsa.

Balinese art

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Traditional Balinese painting depicting cockfighting, by I Ketut Ginarsa.
Balinese stone carvings, Ubud.
Nineteenth century Kamasan Palindon Painting detail - courtesy The Wovensouls Collection, Singapore
Mask Dancer, A.A. Gde Anom Sukawati (b. 1966), Acrylic on canvas
The Wheel of Life, I Ketut Murtika (b. 1952), Gouache on canvas
Beached Whale, Ida Bagus Nyoman Rai, Ink wash on canvas
The snake tree, I Wayan Pugur, Gouache on paper
Rajapala, I Lunga, Watercolor on paper
Woodcarving of an elderly Balinese lady (art deco style), c. 1930s

Balinese art is art of Hindu-Javanese origin that grew from the work of artisans of the Majapahit Kingdom, with their expansion to Bali in the late 14th century.

A 1644 map of New Guinea and the surrounding area

New Guinea

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World's second-largest island with an area of 785753 km2.

World's second-largest island with an area of 785753 km2.

A 1644 map of New Guinea and the surrounding area
Regions of Oceania: Australasia, Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. Physiographically, Australasia includes the Australian landmass (including Tasmania), New Zealand, and New Guinea.
New Guinea located in relation to Melanesia
New Guinea map of Köppen climate classification
Mount Bosavi
Political divisions of New Guinea
Topographical map of New Guinea
Dani tribesman in the Baliem Valley
Kurulu Village War Chief at Baliem Valley
Korowai tribesman
The raggiana bird-of-paradise is native to New Guinea.
The floristic region of Malesia
New Guinea crocodile
Coral reefs in Papua New Guinea
The continent of Sahul before the rising ocean sundered Australia and New Guinea after the last ice age.
Group of natives at Mairy Pass. Mainland of British New Guinea in 1885.
Papuans on the Lorentz River, photographed during the third South New Guinea expedition in 1912–13.
New Guinea from 1884 to 1919. The Netherlands controlled the western half of New Guinea, Germany the north-eastern part, and Britain the south-eastern part.
A Japanese military map of New Guinea from 1943.
Australian soldiers resting in the Finisterre Ranges of New Guinea while en route to the front line.
Map of New Guinea, with place names as used in English in the 1940s
Western New Guinea was formally annexed by Indonesia in 1969
Papua province Highland Papua province Central Papua province South Papua province West Papua province

The Negarakertagama mentioned the region of Wanin and Sran, in eastern Nusantara as part of Majapahit's tributary.

Banjarmasin

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City in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

City in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Burial complex of Sultan Suriansyah, first sultan of Banjar
Engagement between Banjarese kotta mara (floating fortress) against Dutch steam ship Celebes, 6 August 1859
Fort Tatas, a Dutch fortress in Banjarmasin, 1924
Route of Japanese attack on Borneo, 1942
Banjarmasin mayor office building
Central Asia Bank branch in Banjarmasin
A church in Banjarmasin
Ulin Regional Hospital building
Mass gathered during Haul Guru Sekumpul
Siring Park at night
Duta Mall Banjarmasin is the biggest shopping mall in the city
A flyover in Banjarmasin
Banjarmasin Post office building

Outside records indicate it was home to several kingdoms such as Tanjungpuri—theorized to have been founded by Malay people from Srivijaya—and Negara Daha and Dipa, which were founded by Javanese people from Majapahit.

Demak Regency

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Regency located in the Indonesian province of Central Java, on northern coast of the island.

Regency located in the Indonesian province of Central Java, on northern coast of the island.

Semarang Residency in 1889. Demak is the area with the coastline facing northwest towards the Java Sea.

The area was a part of the Majapahit Empire during its zenith around the 14th century.