Mapuche and Related Topics

Temuco

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City and commune, capital of the Cautín Province and of the Araucanía Region in southern Chile.

Llaima volcano located in the Andes as seen from Temuco valley

Temuco lies in the middle of the historic Araucanía, a traditional land of the indigenous Mapuche.

Puelche people

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The Gününa küna, or sometimes, Puelche (Mapudungun: pwelche, "people of the east") are indigenous peoples living east of the Andes Mountains in Chile and Southwest Argentina.

The name "Puelche" was not native, but was given to them by the Mapuche.

SRTM map of the topography of Chile between the 40th and 41st parallel south. The Cunco inhabited the western (left) territory shown in the map. But not necessarily the northwest (top left).

Cunco people

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Poorly known subgroup of Huilliche people native to coastal areas of southern Chile and the nearby inland.

SRTM map of the topography of Chile between the 41st and 42nd parallel south. Much the mainland seen here north of Carelmapu and Calbuco was depopulated as a consequence of a long running conflict between the Spanish and loyalist Indians on one side and Cuncos and Huilliches on the other side.

Distribution of the pre-Hispanic people of Chile.

A theory postulated by chronicler José Pérez García holds the Cuncos settled in Chiloé Island in Pre-Hispanic times as consequence of a push from more northern Huilliches who in turn were being displaced by Mapuches.

Diachronous map of territories at one point known to have been primarily inhabited by Mapuches (sensu lato) in the Southern Cone of South America.

Wallmapu

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Wallmapu is a name for the traditional territory of the Mapuche people of southern South America.

Osorno, Chile

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City and commune in southern Chile and capital of Osorno Province in the Los Lagos Region.

Gen. Ambrosio O'Higgins, founder and Marquis of Osorno

Fort Reina Luisa: it was designed and built by the Captain of the Royal Engineers Manuel Olaguer Feliú.

Osorno owes its legacy to fairly recent Chilean settlement, when the government subdued the region's indigenous Mapuche peoples in the mid-19th century and opened the land to Chilean and European immigration soon to follow.

Mestizo

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Term used both for racial classification used to refer to a person of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry.

A casta painting by Miguel Cabrera. Here he shows a Spanish (español) father, Mestiza (mixed Spanish–American Indian) mother, and their Castiza daughter.

Luis de Mena, Virgin of Guadalupe and castas, 1750. The top left grouping is of an indio and an española, with their Mestizo son. This is the only known casta painting with an indio man and española woman.

Casta painting showing 16 hierarchically arranged, mixed-race groupings. The top left grouping uses cholo as a synonym for mestizo. Ignacio Maria Barreda, 1777. Real Academia Española de la Lengua, Madrid.

A statue of Gonzalo Guerrero, who adopted the Maya way of life and fathered the first mestizo children in Mexico and in the mainland Americas (the only mestizos before were those born in the Caribbean to Spanish men and Indigenous Caribbean women).

Chavela Vargas Mixed-Costa Rican Born - Singer

Keylor Navas Mixed-Costa Rican - Real Madrid Goalkeeper

Painting of the First Independence Movement celebration in San Salvador, El Salvador. At the center, José Matías Delgado, a Salvadoran priest and doctor known as El Padre de la Patria Salvadoreña (The Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland), alongside his nephew Manuel José Arce, future Salvadoran president of the Federal Republic of Central America.

Mestizo, Mestiza, Mestizo Sample of a Peruvian casta painting, showing intermarriage within a casta category.

José Ramos-Horta, 1996 Nobel Peace Prize winner, former President of East Timor.

Statue of José Vasconcelos in Mexico City

Español, India, Mestizo. José Joaquín Magón. 18th c Mexico

Casta painting. "Spanish and Indian produce Mestizo", 1780.

Castizo, Mestiza, Chamizo. Miguel Cabrera 1763.

Mulatto and Mestiza, produce Mulatto, he is Torna Atrás [throwback]" by Juan Rodríguez Juárez

Mestizo, India, Coyote. Miguel Cabrera 1763.

De mestizo e India, sale coiote (From a Mestizo man and an Indigenous American woman, a Coyote is begotten).

1919 Barrientos family in Baracoa, Cuba, headed by an ex Spanish soldier and his Indigenous wife

The dance group Joyas Mestizas ("Mestiza jewels") performs at the Fiestas Patrias Parade, South Park, Seattle, 2017

In Chile, from the time the Spanish soldiers with Pedro de Valdivia entered northern Chile, a process of 'mestizaje' began where Spaniards began to intermarry and reproduce with the local bellicose Mapuche population of Indigenous Chileans to produce an overwhelmingly Mestizo population during the first generation in all of the cities they founded.

A Maya family in the hamlet of Patzun, Guatemala, 1993

Indigenous peoples

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Indigenous peoples, also referred to as First peoples, First nations, Aboriginal peoples, Native peoples, Indigenous natives, or Autochthonous peoples (these terms are often capitalized when referring to specific indigenous peoples as ethnic groups, nations, and the members of these groups ), are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original peoples.

Colorized photograph of an Amis couple in traditional clothing. Taken in pre-World War II Japanese-ruled Taiwan.

Guatemalan girls in their traditional clothing from the town of Santa Catarina Palopó on Lake Atitlán

Alonso Fernández de Lugo presenting the captured Guanche kings of Tenerife to Ferdinand and Isabella

Map with the main travels of the Age of Discovery (began in 15th century).

Depiction of a Spaniard entering Chalco with three Tlaxcalan soldiers and an Indigenous porter in the Lienzo de Tlaxcala (pre-1585)

The arrival of Jan van Riebeeck in Table Bay, South Africa in 1652. Painting by Charles Davidson Bell (1813–1882)

A map of uncontacted peoples, around the start of the 21st century

Starting fire by hand, San people in Botswana.

Inuit on a traditional qamutik (dog sled) in Cape Dorset, Nunavut, Canada.

A girl wears the traditional Nahua headdress in Yohualichan, Veracruz.

Quechua woman and child in the Sacred Valley, Andes, Peru

Marina A. Temina, a native speaker and teacher of the Nivkh language

Ainu man performing a traditional Ainu dance

Dani people from the central highlands of western New Guinea

The New Zealand delegation, including Māori members, endorses the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2010.

Indigenous peoples march for their right to self-determination in Davao City (2008).

Indigenous protesters from Vale do Javari, one of the largest indigenous territories in Brazil

"Savages of Mokka and Their House in Formosa", pre-1945, Taiwan under Japanese rule

Helena Gualinga, an indigenous environmental and human rights activist

Native American dancer of the Save Our Ancestors Remains and Resources Indigenous Network Group (SOARRING) Foundation, a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to educate people about indigenous ways of life

While still in use in-group, and in many names of organizations, "Indian" is less popular among younger people, who tend to prefer "Indigenous" or simply "Native, with most preferring to use the specific name of their tribe or Nation instead of generalities. In Spanish or Portuguese speaking countries, one finds the use of terms such as índios, pueblos indígenas, amerindios, povos nativos, povos indígenas, and, in Peru, Comunidades Nativas (Native Communities), particularly among Amazonian societies like the Urarina and Matsés. In Chile, there the most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuches in the Center-South and the Aymaras in the North. Rapa Nui of Easter Island, who are a Polynesian people, are the only non-Amerindian indigenous people in Chile.

Emblem used by the Organos de Resistencia Territorial (military arm) in sabotage actions awarded by the CAM. The image represents a guemil (symbol of Mapuche iconography) with a Mapuche clava inside it.

Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco

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Ngüñelfe with blue background, one of the traditional flags

Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco (CAM) is a radical, militant indigenous organization engaged primarily in political violence in their pursuit of attaining an autonomous Mapuche state in Wallmapu, which, according to them, would only be the revindication and recovery of former Mapuche lands.

The Chilean colonization project took advantage of the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states to recruit immigrants.

German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue

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From 1850 to 1875, some 6,000 German immigrants settled in the region around Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue in Southern Chile as part of a state-led colonization scheme.

Example of German architecture in Puerto Varas, a town at Llanquihue Lake with strong German influence.

Drawing of the landscape around Puerto Montt in 1850 by Vicente Pérez Rosales

2009 view of Calbuco volcano and Llanquihue Lake. Note the open fields at its foot.

Casa Hollstein, an example of German-Chilean architecture in Osorno.

Crudos and beer at Café Haussmann in downtown Valdivia.

Early German settlers had good relations with the indigenous Mapuche and Huilliche, in contrast to their more uneasy relations with the Spanish-descent elite of Valdivia, whom they considered lazy.