A report on Scholasticism, Thomas Aquinas, Middle Ages and Medieval university

14th-century image of a university lecture

An altarpiece in Ascoli Piceno, Italy,
by Carlo Crivelli (15th century)

The Cross of Mathilde, a crux gemmata made for Mathilde, Abbess of Essen (973–1011), who is shown kneeling before the Virgin and Child in the enamel plaque. The figure of Christ is slightly later. Probably made in Cologne or Essen, the cross demonstrates several medieval techniques: cast figurative sculpture, filigree, enamelling, gem polishing and setting, and the reuse of Classical cameos and engraved gems.

Illustration from a 16th-century manuscript showing a meeting of doctors at the University of Paris

The Castle of Monte San Giovanni Campano

A late Roman sculpture depicting the Tetrarchs, now in Venice, Italy

Thomas is girded by angels with a mystical belt of purity after his proof of chastity. Painting by Diego Velázquez.

Barbarian kingdoms and tribes after the end of the Western Roman Empire

Teaching at Paris, in a late 14th-century Grandes Chroniques de France: the tonsured students sit on the floor

Triumph of St Thomas Aquinas, "Doctor Communis", between Plato and Aristotle, Benozzo Gozzoli, 1471. Louvre, Paris.

A coin of the Ostrogothic leader Theoderic the Great, struck in Milan, Italy, c. AD 491–501

This Mob Quad group of buildings in Merton College, Oxford was constructed in three phases and concluded in c. 1378.

Icon of the crucifixion speaking to Thomas Aquinas is depicted on this stained glass window in Saint Patrick Church (Columbus, Ohio).

A mosaic showing Justinian with the bishop of Ravenna (Italy), bodyguards, and courtiers.

Diagrams, in a volume of treatises on natural science, philosophy, and mathematics. This 1300 manuscript is typical of the sort of book owned by medieval university students.

Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas, "Doctor Angelicus", with saints and angels, Andrea di Bonaiuto, 1366. Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, fresco.

Reconstruction of an early medieval peasant village in Bavaria

The remains of Thomas Aquinas are buried in the Church of the Jacobins in Toulouse.

An 11th-century illustration of Gregory the Great dictating to a secretary

Universitas Istropolitana (a former university building in present-day Bratislava)

Map showing growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814

Detail of The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas by Francisco de Zurbarán, 1631

Charlemagne's palace chapel at Aachen, completed in 805

Saint Thomas Aquinas by Luis Muñoz Lafuente

10th-century Ottonian ivory plaque depicting Christ receiving a church from Otto I

Super libros de generatione et corruptione

A page from the Book of Kells, an illuminated manuscript created in the British Isles in the late 8th or early 9th century

Medieval French manuscript illustration of the three classes of medieval society: those who prayed (the clergy) those who fought (the knights), and those who worked (the peasantry). The relationship between these classes was governed by feudalism and manorialism. (Li Livres dou Sante, 13th century)

Thomas Aquinas by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, 1650

13th-century illustration of a Jew (in pointed Jewish hat) and the Christian Petrus Alphonsi debating

17th-century sculpture of Thomas Aquinas

Europe and the Mediterranean Sea in 1190

Portrait of St. Thomas by Antonio del Castillo y Saavedra, c. 1649

The Bayeux Tapestry (detail) showing William the Conqueror (centre), his half-brothers Robert, Count of Mortain (right) and Odo, Bishop of Bayeux in the Duchy of Normandy (left)

A stained glass window of Thomas Aquinas in St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Central City, Kentucky)

Krak des Chevaliers was built during the Crusades for the Knights Hospitallers.

A medieval scholar making precise measurements in a 14th-century manuscript illustration

Portrait of Cardinal Hugh of Saint-Cher by Tommaso da Modena, 1352, the first known depiction of spectacles

The Romanesque Church of Maria Laach, Germany

The Gothic interior of Laon Cathedral, France

Francis of Assisi, depicted by Bonaventura Berlinghieri in 1235, founded the Franciscan Order.

Execution of some of the ringleaders of the jacquerie, from a 14th-century manuscript of the Chroniques de France ou de St Denis

Guy of Boulogne crowning Pope Gregory XI in a 15th-century miniature from Froissart's Chroniques

Clerics studying astronomy and geometry, French, early 15th century

Agricultural calendar, c. 1470, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi

February scene from the 15th-century illuminated manuscript Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry

Medieval illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th-century copy of L'Image du monde

The early Muslim conquests
Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750

Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.

- Scholasticism

Thomas Aquinas, OP (Tommaso d'Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest, who was an immensely influential philosopher, theologian, and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known within the scholastic tradition as the Doctor Angelicus, the Doctor Communis, and the Doctor Universalis.

- Thomas Aquinas

A medieval university was a corporation organized during the Middle Ages for the purposes of higher education.

- Medieval university

Endeavoring to harmonize his metaphysics and its account of a prime mover with the Latin Catholic dogmatic trinitarian theology, these monastic schools became the basis of the earliest European medieval universities, and scholasticism dominated education in Europe from about 1100 to 1700.

- Scholasticism

He has been described as "the most influential thinker of the medieval period" and "the greatest of the medieval philosopher-theologians."

- Thomas Aquinas

The word universitas originally applied only to the scholastic guilds—that is, the corporation of students and masters—within the studium, and it was always modified, as universitas magistrorum, universitas scholarium, or universitas magistrorum et scholarium.

- Medieval university

The Scholastics, also known as Schoolmen, included as its main figures Anselm of Canterbury ("the father of scholasticism" ), Peter Abelard, Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas.

- Scholasticism

In the West, intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities.

- Middle Ages

The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres mark the end of this period.

- Middle Ages

In addition, some of the greatest theologians of the High Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas and Robert Grosseteste, were products of the medieval university.

- Medieval university

This same year he was ordered by the Dominican Chapter of Agnani to teach at the studium conventuale at the Roman convent of Santa Sabina, founded some years before, in 1222.

- Thomas Aquinas

Cathedral schools were in turn replaced by the universities established in major European cities.

- Middle Ages

A report on Scholasticism, Thomas Aquinas, Middle Ages and Medieval university

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