A report on Mexico, Mexico City and Mesoamerica

The city was the place of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital.

Depiction of the founding myth of Mexico-Tenochtitlan from the Codex Mendoza. The eagle perched on a cactus has been incorporated into the Mexican flag since its independence, and was a motif in colonial-era art.

Storming of the Teocalli by Cortez and his Troops (1848)

A pair of swinging Remojadas figurines, Classic Veracruz culture, 300 to 900 CE.

Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral's (1571–1813) 18th century painting. The cathedral was built by the Spaniards over the ruins of the main Aztec temple.

Page 9 of the Dresden Codex (from the 1880 Förstermann edition)

View of the Pyramid of the Sun of Teotihuacan with first human establishment in the area dating back to 600 BCE

El Mirador flourished from 600 BCE to 100 CE, and may have had a population of over 100,000.

Cultivation of maize, shown in the Florentine Codex (1576) drawn by an indigenous scribe, with text in Nahuatl on this folio

Palacio de Mineria, Mexico City. The elevation of silver mining as a profession and the ennoblement of silver miners was a development of the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms

1945 mural by Diego Rivera depicting the view from the Tlatelolco markets into Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the largest city in the Americas at the time

A painting of the American assault on the Chapultepec Castle.

Hernán Cortés and his multilingual cultural translator, Doña Marina ("Malinche"), meeting Moctezuma II from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, a document created ca. 1550 by the Tlaxcalans to remind the Spanish of their loyalty and the importance of Tlaxcala during the conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Mexican President and later dictator Porfirio Díaz (second from right) commissioned many of the ornate European style buildings constructed from the 1890–1910 and hoped for Mexico City to eventually rival European cities like Paris in opulence

Tikal is one of the largest archaeological sites, urban centers, and tourist attractions of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now northern Guatemala.

Smallpox depicted by an indigenous artist in the 1576 Florentine Codex

Corpses in front of the National Palace during the Ten Tragic Days. Photographer, Manuel Ramos.

View of the Plaza Mayor (today Zócalo) in Mexico City (ca. 1695) by Cristóbal de Villalpando

Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera house in San Ángel designed by Juan O'Gorman, an example of 20th-century Modernist architecture in Mexico

Pyramid of the Moon viewed from atop of the Pyramid of the Sun.

New Spain was essential to the Spanish global trading system. White represents the route of the Spanish Manila Galleons in the Pacific and the Spanish convoys in the Atlantic. (Blue represents Portuguese routes.)

Students in a burned bus during the protests of 1968

Xochicalco, Temple of the Feathered Serpent, 650–900 CE

Silver peso mined and minted in colonial Mexico, which became a global currency

First ladies Paloma Cordero of Mexico (left) and Nancy Reagan of the United States (right) with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, John Gavin observing the damage done by the 1985 earthquake.

Detail of the Nunnery Quadrangle at Uxmal, 10th century

Viceroyalty of New Spain following the signing of the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty

Mesoamerica and Central America in the 16th century before Spanish arrival

Luis de Mena, Virgin of Guadalupe and castas, showing race mixture and hierarchy as well as fruits of the realm, ca. 1750

Trajineras in the canals of Xochimilco. Xochimilco and the historic center of Mexico City were declared a World Heritage Site in 1987.

Father Hidalgo used this banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe as their emblem

Air pollution over Mexico City. Air quality is poorest during the winter.

Siege of the Alhondiga de Granaditas, Guanajuato, 28 Sept. 1810.

The Chapultepec was an important park during the Aztecs whose access had been limited to its nobility, was declared open to the public by a decree of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1530, it is one of the world's largest city parks.

K'inich Kan B'alam II, the Classic period ruler of Palenque, as depicted on a stele

Flag of the Army of the Three Guarantees, the force formed by ex-royalist Iturbide and insurgent Vicente Guerrero in February 1821

Lightning in the background of the Torre Mayor

Illustration that recreates the structures of the archaeological site of Yarumela or El Chircal in Honduras, this place reflects the Olmec influence that existed in Central America in the pre-classic period.

Flag of the First Mexican Empire under Agustín I, 1822-23, with the eagle wearing a crown

Growth of Mexico city's area from 1900 to 2000

"Head Variant" or "Patron Gods" glyphs for Maya days

Flag of the First Republic of Mexico, with the eagle without a crown, signaling the new republic

Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in La Villa de Guadalupe, the main Catholic pilgrimage site in the Americas. It houses the original image of Our Lady of Guadalupe.

One of the earliest examples of the Mesoamerican writing systems, the Epi-Olmec script on the La Mojarra Stela 1 dated to around 150 CE. Mesoamerica is one of the five places in the world where writing has developed independently.

Portrait of Liberal President Benito Juárez

Central Campus of the University City of the UNAM. Since 2007 the University City is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The xoloitzcuintle is one of the naguales of the god Quetzalcoatl. In this form, it helps the dead cross the Chicnahuapan, a river that separates the world of the living from the dead.

The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximiian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868.

President Porfirio Díaz linking himself to independence hero Hidalgo and liberal hero Juárez September 1910.

Ritual human sacrifice portrayed in Codex Laud

Francisco I. Madero, who challenged Díaz in the fraudulent 1910 election and was elected president when Díaz was forced to resign in May 1911.

A small ceremonial ballcourt at Uaxactun.

Revolutionary Generals Pancho Villa (left) and Emiliano Zapata (right)

Offices of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs

Ballgame marker from the classic Lowland Maya site of Chinkultic, Mexico depicting a ballplayer in full gear

General Álvaro Obregón (far left) shown with a cigar in his left hand and his right arm missing, center with the white beard is First Chief Venustiano Carranza

Mexico City's Legislative Assembly building

The Avenue of the Dead in Teotihuacan, an example of a Mesoamerican settlement planned according to concepts of directionality

Art with ideological and political meaning: depiction of an Aztec tzompantli (skull-rack) from the Ramirez Codex

Pemex, the national oil company created in 1938 for reasons of economic nationalism; it continues to provide major revenues for the government

Federal Police headquarters in Mexico City

NAFTA signing ceremony, October 1992. From left to right: (standing) President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (Mexico), President George H. W. Bush (U.S.), and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (Canada)

The Paseo de la Reforma is a wide avenue designed by Ferdinand von Rosenzweig in the 1860s and was modeled after the Champs-Élysées in Paris.

Vicente Fox and his opposition National Action Party won the 2000 general election, ending one-party rule.

The Turibus runs through many of the most important tourist attractions in the city.

The Art Nouveau/Neoclassical Palacio de Bellas Artes is the prominent cultural center in the city

Mexico map of Köppen climate classification

Receptions Hall at the Museo Nacional de Arte

lReconstruction of the entrance to the Hochob temple in the National Museum of Anthropology

Sculpture of "The Acrobat" from Tlatilco

Pyramid of the archaeological site of La Venta 1000-400 BCE

The National Palace on the east side of Plaza de la Constitución or Zócalo, the main square of Mexico City; it was the residence of viceroys and Presidents of Mexico and now the seat of the Mexican government.

Andrés Manuel López Obrador President of Mexico

The partly excavated main structure of San José Mogote 1500–500 BCE

Alfonso García Robles diplomat who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982

Monte Albán, Building J in the foreground. 200 BCE – 200 CE

Azteca Stadium, the 21st largest stadium in the world

Demonstration on 26 September 2015, in the first anniversary of the disappearance of the 43 students in the Mexican town of Iguala

A reconstruction of Guachimontones, flourished from 200 to 400 CE

The territorial evolution of Mexico after independence: secession of Central America (purple), Chiapas annexed from Guatemala (blue), losses to the U.S. (red, white and orange) and the reannexation of the Republic of Yucatán (red)

A proportional representation of Mexico's exports. The country has the most complex economy in Latin America.

Acanceh, 200–300 CE<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mesoweb.com/features/acanceh/history.html|title=Mesoweb Articles|work=mesoweb.com}}</ref>

Historical GDP per capita development of Mexico

Metrobús rapid transit bus stop station at Indios Verdes

Mask located on the "Temple of the Masks" Kohunlich c. 500 CE

The Anillo Periférico and Paseo de la Reforma in Miguel Hidalgo

Bicycles available for rental in Zona Rosa

K'inich Janaab Pakal I of Palenque 603–683 AD

The Central Eólica Sureste I, Fase II in Oaxaca. The Isthmus of Tehuantepec is the region of Mexico with the highest capacity for wind energy. (see Tehuantepecer, a strong wind that affects the region)

Copan Stela H commissioned by Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 695–738 AD

Guillermo Haro Observatory in Cananea, Sonora.

Jaina Island type figure (Maya) 650–800 AD

Cancun and the Riviera Maya is the most visited region in Latin America

Santa Fe is one of the centers of greatest economic activity in the city.

Cacaxtla, Mural depicting the Bird Man 650–900 AD

The Baluarte Bridge is the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world, the fifth-highest bridge overall and the highest bridge in the Americas.

Central de Abasto is one of the two large wholesale markets in Mexico City, along with the Nueva Viga market, which specializes in fish and seafood.

Chichen Itza, Temple of the Jaguars 900–1000 AD

Governor's Palace rear view and details, 10th century CE, Uxmal

Las castas. Casta painting showing 16 racial groupings. Anonymous, 18th century, oil on canvas, 148×104 cm, Museo Nacional del Virreinato, Tepotzotlán, Mexico.

Colonial caste painting of Mexican family in Viceroyalty of New Spain

Chichen Itza, "Temple of Three Dintels" 600–1000 CE

Octavio Paz was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Our Lady of Guadalupe, patron saint of Mexico. This painting of her at the Basilica of Guadalupe is among her most notable depictions. Scientists debate if it should be dated 1531, the year of the first apparition was said to appear, or the 1550s.

The Calendar temple of Tlatelolco, 1200 CE

Detail of page 20 from the Codex Zouche-Nuttall, 14–15th century

General Hospital of Mexico in Mexico City.

Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico

Olga Sánchez Cordero, Minister of the Interior (Gobernacion) in President López Obrador's cabinet

Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of Fine Arts), with murals, other artwork, and a major performance space

Mexican Muralism. A cultural expression starting in the 1920s created by a group of Mexican painters after the Mexican Revolution.

Monument to Cuauhtémoc, Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City (1887)

The colonial-era Cathedral Mexico City dominates one side of the main square of the capital

David Alfaro Siqueiros by Héctor García Cobo at Lecumberri prison, Mexico City, 1960.

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, "The Tenth Muse." Posthmous portrait Juan Cabrera

Actress Dolores del Río, Hollywood star in the 1920s and 1930s and prominent figure of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema in the 1940s and 1950s

Mole sauce, which has dozens of varieties across the Republic, is seen as a symbol of Mexicanidad and is considered Mexico's national dish.

Portrait of composer Carlos Chávez by Carl van Vechten

Plaque in Mexico City commemorating Lucha libre as an intangible cultural heritage

View of the Pyramid of the Sun of Teotihuacan, the first human establishment in the area dating back to 600 BCE

View of the Pyramid of the Sun in the ancient city-state of Teotihuacan, which was the 6th largest city in the world at its peak (1 AD to 500 AD)

Temple of Kukulcán (El Castillo) in the maya city of Chichen Itza

The Baluarte Bridge was the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world, the fifth-highest bridge overall and is the highest bridge in the Americas.

Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, two of the most famous mexican artists

Pico de Orizaba, the highest mountain in Mexico

Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Congress of Mexico

Alfonso Cuarón, the first mexican filmmaker to win the Academy Award for Best Director

Headquarters of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs

El Santo, one of the most iconic Mexican luchadores

Mexico City, the financial center of Mexico

Lake Chapala is Mexico's largest freshwater lake.

Regional variation of ancestry according to a study made by Ruiz-Linares in 2014, each dot represents a volunteer, with most coming from south Mexico and Mexico City.

Map for the year 2000 of the indigenous languages of Mexico having more than 100,000 speakers.

Mexico–United States barrier between San Diego's border patrol offices in California, USA (left) and Tijuana, Mexico (right)

Secretary of Health, Mexico City, Mexico.

Frida Kahlo, the most famous woman artist in Mexican history.

Octavio Paz was awarded the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature

El Santo, one of the most famous and iconic Mexican luchadores

Mexico City (Ciudad de México, ; abbr.: CDMX; Nahuatl: Altepetl Mexico) is the capital and largest city of Mexico, and the most populous city in North America.

- Mexico City

It extends from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica.

- Mesoamerica

Mexico is organized as a federal republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital.

- Mexico

In particular, the Mesoamerican region was home to many intertwined civilizations; including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha.

- Mexico

When the Spaniards arrived, the Aztec Empire had reached much of Mesoamerica, touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.

- Mexico City

This volcano, which retains its Nahuatl name, is located 70 km (43 mi) southeast of Mexico City.

- Mesoamerica

6 related topics with Alpha

Nahuatl

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Language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family.

Tree diagram of the relation between the Nahuan languages and the rest of the Uto-Aztecan language family, based on the internal classification of Nahuan given by Terrence

Page 51 of Book IX from the Florentine Codex. The text is in Nahuatl written in the Latin alphabet.

Map showing the areas of Mexico where Nahuatl is spoken today

The Aztecs called (red) tomatoes xitōmatl, whereas the green tomatillo was called tōmatl; the latter is the source for the English word tomato.

The place names Mapachtepec ('Raccoon Hill'), Mazatlan ('Deer Place') and Huitztlan ('Thorn Place') written in the Aztec writing system, from the Codex Mendoza

Page of Book IV from the Florentine Codex. The text is in Nahuatl written in the Latin alphabet.

Illustrated alphabet of the Nahuatl, Aztec or Mexicano language.

Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by about 1.7 million Nahua peoples, most of whom live mainly in Central Mexico and have smaller population in the United States.

Starting in the 1970s, scholars of Mesoamerican ethnohistory have analyzed local-level texts in Nahuatl and other indigenous languages to gain insight into cultural change in the colonial era via linguistic changes, known at present as the New Philology.

Significant populations are also found in the State of Mexico, Morelos, and the Federal District, with smaller communities in Michoacán and Durango.

Veracruz

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Mountain formation in the south of the state

Playa Villa Rica, where the Spanish built the first city of Veracruz

Depiction of the Battle of Veracruz during the Mexican–American War

Huachinango (red snapper) a la Veracruzana

The Olmec San Martin Pajapan Monument 1 on exhibit in the Museum of Anthropology in Xalapa

Mural depicting the history of Papantla in the town square by Teodoro Cano García

Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.

It is believed to have originated with the Nahua, Huastec and Otomi peoples in central Mexico, and then spread throughout most of Mesoamerica.

Conquest of Mexico by Cortés, oil on canvas Conquista de México por Cortés

Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

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One of the primary events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

Cortés and his counselor, the Nahua woman La Malinche, meet Moctezuma in Tenochtitlan, 8 November 1519

The death of Moctezuma, depicted in the Florentine Codex

Smallpox depicted in Book XII on the conquest of Mexico in the Florentine Codex

The capture of Cuauhtemoc. 17th century, oil on canvas.

Bernal Díaz del Castillo's True History of the Conquest of Mexico

Tlaxcalan allies of the Spanish, showing their leaders, porters, as well as a Spanish warrior and a Spanish war dog. Lienzo de Tlaxcala

A comet seen by Moctezuma, interpreted as a sign of impending peril. Diego Durán's account from indigenous informants.

Aztec empire on the eve of the Spanish Invasion

Diego de Velázquez, who commissioned Cortés's limited expedition of exploration in 1519

Hernán Cortés in his later years; his coat of arms on the upper left corner. Painting reproduced in the book America (R. Cronau 19th century).

Codex Azcatitlan depicting the Spanish-Tlaxcalan army, with Cortés and La Malinche, along with an African slave in front the meeting with Moctezuma. The facing page is no longer extant.

Coat of arms of Villa Rica, Veracruz; the first town council founded by the Spanish. The tile mosaic is located in Mexico City.

Cortés scuttling fleet off Veracruz coast

The massacre of Cholula. Lienzo de Tlaxcala

Map of the Valley of Mexico on the eve of the Spanish conquest

"Motecuhzuma receives Cortés. Mexican dances in the lake." by Juan González and Miguel González. 1698

Conquistadors and their Tlaxcalan allies enter Tenochtitlan

La Noche Triste depicted in the 17th century

A page from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, depicting the battle of Otumba

"The Last Days of Tenochtitlan, Conquest of Mexico by Cortez", a 19th-century painting by William de Leftwich Dodge.

Nuño de Guzmán, a rival of Cortés, led Spanish soldiers with Tlaxcalan allies in the conquest of Michoacan.

Pedro de Alvarado's death in 1541, depicted in the indigenous Codex Telleriano-Remensis. The glyph to the right of his head represents his Nahuatl name, Tonatiuh ("Sun").

Hernán Cortés in his later years; his coat of arms on the upper right corner (17th century).

The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan.

The fall of the Aztec Empire was the key event in the formation of the Spanish Empire overseas, with New Spain, which later became Mexico.

Scholars who were part of a branch of Mesoamerican ethnohistory, more recently called the New Philology have, using indigenous texts in the indigenous languages, been able to examine in considerable detail how the indigenous lived during the era of Spanish colonial rule.

The Aztec Empire in 1519 within Mesoamerica

Aztecs

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Aztec metal axe blades. Prior of the arrival of the European settlers, see: Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica

Large ceramic statue of an Aztec eagle warrior

A page from the Codex Boturini depicting the departure from Aztlán

The Valley of Mexico with the locations of the main city states in 1519

The coronation of Motecuzuma I, Tovar Codex

The meeting of Moctezuma II and Hernán Cortés, with his cultural translator La Malinche, 8 November 1519, as depicted in the Lienzo de Tlaxcala

"The Martyrdom of Cuauhtémoc", (1892) painting by Leandro Izaguirre

Folio from the Codex Mendoza showing a commoner advancing through the ranks by taking captives in war. Each attire can be achieved by taking a certain number of captives.

Jaguar warrior uniform as tax pay method, from Codex Mendoza

Folio from the Codex Mendoza showing the rearing and education of Aztec boys and girls in an ages list, how they were instructed in different types of labor, and how they were harshly punished for misbehavior

Pre-Hispanic "Tepeyac" Road of city-state of Tlatelolco ruins with semi-underground unidentified small and simply built buildings, probably houses (left). Tlatelolco archaeological site.

Cultivation of maize, the main foodstuff, using simple tools. Florentine Codex

Typical Aztec black on orange ceramic ware

Diorama model of the Aztec market at Tlatelolco

A folio from the Codex Mendoza showing the tribute paid to Tenochtitlan in exotic trade goods by the altepetl of Xoconochco on the Pacific coast

Mexico-Tenochtitlan urban standard, Templo Mayor Museum

Great Temple in Historic center of Mexico City

The deity Tezcatlipoca depicted in the Codex Borgia, one of the few extant pre-Hispanic codices

Aztec cosmological drawing with the god Xiuhtecuhtli, the lord of fire in the center and the four corners of the cosmos marked by four trees with associated birds, deities and calendar names, and each direction marked by a dismembered limb of the god Tezcatlipoca. From the Codex Fejérváry-Mayer

The "Aztec calendar stone" or "Sun Stone", a large stone monolith unearthed in 1790 in Mexico City depicting the five eras of Aztec mythical history, with calendric images.

Ritual human sacrifice as shown in the Codex Magliabechiano

Ma (hand) and pach (moss). In Nahuatl, handmoss is synonym of raccoon.

Frame drum huehuetl played by a youth in Aztec-themed costume in Amecameca, State of Mexico, 2010

Page from the pre-Columbian Codex Borgia a folding codex painted on deer skin prepared with gesso

The Coatlicue statue in the National Museum of Anthropology

Aztec feather shield displaying the "stepped fret" design called xicalcoliuhqui in Nahuatl (c. 1520, Landesmuseum Württemberg)

Codex Kingsborough, showing the abuse by Spaniards of a Nahua under the encomienda Spanish labor system

Depiction of smallpox during the Spanish conquest in Book XII of the Florentine Codex

José Sarmiento de Valladares, Count of Moctezuma, viceroy of Mexico

Motecuhzoma II's Teocalli of the Sacred War emblem, this depiction mythologically describes the reason when Aztecs searched an eagle on a cactus hunting a rattlesnake for begin the new city, the founding myth of Mexica.

Tezontle is a material for elements in architectural styles.

Virgin of Guadalupe and the symbols of the founding of Tenochtitlan, Josefus De Ribera Argomanis. (1778)

Monument to Cuauhtémoc, inaugurated 1887 by Porfirio Díaz in Mexico City

Detail of Diego Rivera's mural depicting the Aztec market of Tlatelolco at the Mexican National palace

President Porfirio Díaz in 1910 at the National Museum of Anthropology with the Aztec Calendar Stone. The International Congress of Americanists met in Mexico City in 1910 on the centennial of Mexican independence.

Las Tortilleras, an 1836 lithograph after a painting by Carl Nebel of women grinding corn and making tortillas.

Chapulines, grasshoppers toasted and dusted with chilis, continue to be a popular delicacy.

Urban standard details; Mexico-Tenochtitlan wall remnants stone bricks in Templo Mayor Museum (Mexico City)

The Mask of Xiuhtecuhtli; 1400–1521; cedrela wood, turquoise, pine resin, mother-of-pearl, conch shell, cinnabar; height: {{convert|16.8|cm|in|abbr=on}}, width: {{convert|15.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}; British Museum (London)

The Mask of Tezcatlipoca; 1400–1521; turquoise, pyrite, pine, lignite, human bone, deer skin, conch shell and agave; height: {{convert|19|cm|in|abbr=on}}, width: {{convert|13.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}, length: {{convert|12.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}; British Museum

Double-headed serpent; 1450–1521; Spanish cedar wood (Cedrela odorata), turquoise, shell, traces of gilding & 2 resins are used as adhesive (pine resin and Bursera resin); height: {{convert|20.3|cm|in|abbr=on}}, width: {{convert|43.3|cm|in|abbr=on}}, depth: {{convert|5.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}; British Museum

Chalchihuite relief of Ehecatl Temple; basalt; overall: {{convert|31.4|x|33.82|cm|in|abbr=on}}; discovered in August 2005 during repairs on the Mexico City Cathedral's floor; Ehecatl Temple in Cathedral archeological site (Mexico City)

Page 12 of the Codex Borbonicus, (in the big square): Tezcatlipoca (night and fate) and Quetzalcoatl (feathered serpent); before 1500; bast fiber paper; height: {{convert|38|cm|in|abbr=on}}, length of the full manuscript: {{convert|142|cm|in|abbr=on}}; Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale (Paris)

Aztec calendar stone; 1502–1521; basalt; diameter: {{convert|3.58|m|ft|abbr=on}}; thick: {{convert|98|cm|in|abbr=on}}; discovered on 17 December 1790 during repairs on the Mexico City Cathedral; National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico City)

Underground Great Temple's Chacmool statue; 1440–1469; painted earthenware; length: {{convert|1.26|m|ft|abbr=on}}; Templo Mayor (Mexico City)

Tlāloc effigy vessel; 1440–1469; painted earthenware; height: {{convert|35|cm|in|abbr=on}}; Templo Mayor Museum (Mexico City)

Kneeling female figure; 15th–early 16th century; painted stone; overall: {{convert|54.61|x|26.67|cm|in|abbr=on}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Frog-shaped necklace ornaments; 15th–early 16th century; gold; height: {{convert|2.1|cm|in|abbr=on}}; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.

After the fall of Tenochtitlan on 13 August 1521 and the capture of the emperor Cuauhtémoc, the Spanish founded Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan.

Hidalgo (state)

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Lord's Prayer written in Spanish and Otomi at the Church of San Miguel in Ixmiquilpan

The original statue of Diana Cazadora is located in Ixmiquilpan.

Canyon south of Peña del Aire, in Huasca de Ocampo, a part of the Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve.

Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the Municipality of Apan, southern Hidalgo.

Tula River, in the municipality of Mixquiahuala.

Display of bottled pulque at the Feria de Pachuca

Ceramics by Nicolas Vita Hernandez of Chililco, Huejutla

Hidalgo, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Hidalgo (Estado Libre y Soberano de Hidalgo) is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, constitute the 32 federal entities of Mexico.

The modern day state of Hidalgo is located within the pre-Hispanic region of Mesoamerica.

Jalisco

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View of a sunny day near Mascota, Jalisco in January

A Wixárika man making a beaded jaguar head

Figure; 2nd century; ceramic; height: 7.9 cm (3 in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Cristóbal de Olid leads Spanish soldiers with Tlaxcalan allies in the conquests of Jalisco, 1522. From Lienzo de Tlaxcala.

Painting of Prisciliano Sánchez, first governor of the state

Colorful painted egg shells, filled with confetti, handmade by village children and used to celebrate the most important traditions of Ajijic, Jalisco.

Parroquia de Santiago Apostol, in Tequila

Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion, en Lagos de Moreno

Parroquia de San Miguel Arcangel in San Miguel el Alto

Parroquia de San Francisco in Tepatitlán de Morelos

Catedral Basílica de Nuestra Señora de San Juan de los Lagos in San Juan de los Lagos, 2nd most visited religious center in the country

Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan, in Zapopan

Basilica de Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Talpa de Allende

Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, in Puerto Vallarta

Jalisco (,, ; Nahuatl: Xalixco), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco (Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco ; Nahuatl: Tlahtohcayotl Xalixco), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.

A number of cities were built during this time, including Ixtepete, which show many features of Mesoamerican architecture such as the building of pyramid bases, temples and Mesoamerican ball courts.