A report on Military order (religious society)

Indications of presence of military orders associated with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Holy Land during the Crusades (in German).

Reconquista of the main towns (per year) (in Spanish).

Map of the branches of the Teutonic Order in Europe around 1300. Shaded area is sovereign territory, Grand Master HQ in Venice is highlighted)

Christian religious society of knights.

- Military order (religious society)

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Teutonic Order

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The coat of arms in the style of the 14th century

Reliquary made in Elbing in 1388 for Teutonic komtur Thiele von Lorich, military trophy of Polish king Wladislaus in 1410.

Hermann von Salza, the fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (1209–1239)

Tannhäuser in the habit of the Teutonic Knights, from the Codex Manesse

Frederick II allows the order to invade Prussia, by P. Janssen

Ruins of the Teutonic Order's castle in Paide, Estonia

Pomerelia (Pommerellen) while part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights

Castle of the Teutonic Order in Bad Mergentheim

A German National People's Party poster from 1920 showing a Teutonic knight being attacked by Poles and socialists. The caption reads "Rescue the East".

14th-century brass stamp with the shield insignia.

In the 16th century, officers of the order would quarter their family arms with the order's arms.<ref>In this example (dated 1594), Hugo Dietrich von Hohenlandenberg, commander of the bailiwick of Swabia-Alsace-Burgundy, shows his Landenberg family arms quartered with the order's black cross.</ref>

Example of the Deutschmeisterwappen on the gate of the Bad Mergentheim residence

Coat of arms of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Grand Master from 1761 to 1780.

Procession in honour of Saint Liborius of Le Mans with Knights of the Holy Sepulchre together with Teutonic Knights in Paderborn, Germany.

The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (official names: Ordo domus Sanctae Mariae Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum; L'Ordine dei Fratelli della Casa Tedesca di Santa Maria a Gerusalemme; Orden de Hermanos de la Casa Alemana de Santa María en Jerusalén; Ordre des Frères de la Maison allemande de Sainte Marie à Jérusalem; Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem; Orde van de Broeders van het Duitse Huis van Sint-Maria in Jeruzalem; Zakon Szpitala Najświętszej Marii Panny Domu Niemieckiego w Jerozolimie), commonly known as the Teutonic Order (German: Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Knights Templar

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The first headquarters of the Knights Templar, on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The Crusaders called it "the Temple of Solomon" and from this location derived their name of Templar.

Battle of Hattin in 1187, the turning point leading to the Third Crusade. From a copy of the Passages d’outremer, c.1490.

Convent of Christ Castle in Tomar, Portugal. Built in 1160 as a stronghold for the Knights Templar, it became the headquarters of the renamed Order of Christ. In 1983, it was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Templar chapel from the 12th century in Metz, France. Once part of the Templar commandery of Metz, the oldest Templar institution of the Holy Roman Empire.

Templar building at Saint Martin des Champs, France

Representation of a Knight Templar (Ten Duinen Abbey museum, 2010 photograph)

Depiction of two Templars seated on a horse (emphasising poverty), with Beauséant, the "sacred banner" (or gonfanon) of the Templars, argent a chief sable (Matthew Paris, c. 1250).

Temple Church, London. As the chapel of the New Temple in London, it was the location for Templar initiation ceremonies. In modern times it is the parish church of the Middle and Inner Temples, two of the Inns of Court, and a popular tourist attraction.

The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici), also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, the Knights Templar, or simply the Templars, was a Catholic military order, one of the most wealthy and popular of the Western Christian military orders.

Knight

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Person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity.

A Norman knight slaying Harold Godwinson (Bayeux tapestry, c. 1070). The rank of knight developed in the 12th century from the mounted warriors of the 10th and 11th centuries.

The battle between the Turks and Christian knights during the Ottoman wars in Europe

The miles Christianus allegory (mid-13th century), showing a knight armed with virtues and facing the vices in mortal combat. The parts of his armour are identified with Christian virtues, thus correlating essential military equipment with the religious values of chivalry:
The helmet is spes futuri gaudii (hope of future bliss), the shield (here the shield of the Trinity) is fides (faith), the armour is caritas (charity), the lance is perseverantia (perseverance), the sword is verbum Dei (the word of God), the banner is regni celestis desiderium (desire for the kingdom of heaven), the horse is bona voluntas (good will), the saddle is Christiana religio (Christian religion), the saddlecloth is humilitas (humility), the reins are discretio (discretion), the spurs are disciplina (discipline), the stirrups are propositum boni operis (proposition of good work), and the horse's four hooves are delectatio, consensus, bonum opus, consuetudo (delight, consent, good work, and exercise).

Tournament from the Codex Manesse, depicting the mêlée

Elements of a harness of the late style of Gothic plate armour that was a popular style in the mid 15th to early 16th century (depiction made in the 18th century)

Page from King René's Tournament Book (BnF Ms Fr 2695)

The Battle of Pavia in 1525. Landsknecht mercenaries with arquebus.

Fortified house – a family seat of a knight (Schloss Hart by the Harter Graben near Kindberg, Austria)

The Battle of Grunwald between Poland-Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights in 1410

Pippo Spano, the member of the Order of the Dragon

The English fighting the French knights at the Battle of Crécy in 1346

Miniature from Jean Froissart Chronicles depicting the Battle of Montiel (Castilian Civil War, in the Hundred Years' War)

A modern artistic rendition of a chevalière of the Late Middle Ages.

A battle of the Reconquista from the Cantigas de Santa Maria

The Crusades brought various military orders of knights to the forefront of defending Christian pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land.

Knights Hospitaller

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Pie postulatio voluntatis. Bull issued by Pope Paschal II in 1113 in favor of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, which was to transform what was a community of pious men into an institution within the Church. By virtue of this document, the pope officially recognized the existence of the new organisation as an operative and militant part of the Roman Catholic Church, granting it papal protection and confirming its properties in Europe and Asia.

The Knights Hospitaller in the 13th century

Grand Master Pierre d'Aubusson with senior knights, wearing the "Rhodian cross" on their habits. Dedicatory miniature in Gestorum Rhodie obsidionis commentarii (account of the Siege of Rhodes of 1480), BNF Lat 6067 fol. 3v, dated 1483/4.

Rhodes and other possessions of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John.

Deed of Donation of the islands of Malta, Gozo and Tripoli to the Order of St John by Emperor Charles V in 1530.

Grand culverin of the Knights Hospitallers, 1500–1510, Rhodes

Arms of the Knights Hospitallers, quartered with those of Pierre d'Aubusson, on a bombard

Re-enactment of 16th-century military drills conducted by the Knights. Fort Saint Elmo, Valletta, Malta, 8 May 2005.

Ottoman attack on the post of the Castilian knights on 21 August 1565

Hospitaller galleys capturing an Ottoman vessel in the Malta Channel in 1652

Auberge de Castille in Valletta, an example of 18th-century Baroque architecture built by the Order.

A 1742 Tarì coin of the Knights Hospitaller, depicting the head of John the Baptist on a platter.

Emperor Paul wearing the Crown of the Grand Master of the Order of Malta (1799).

View from Valletta, Malta, showing Fort Saint Angelo, belonging to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

Prince Oskar of Prussia, Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John of the hospital at Jerusalem Herrenmeister since 1999

The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller, was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order.

Alfonso XIII of Spain (left) with his cousin-in-law, the future King George V (right) during his State Visit to the United Kingdom in 1905. Alfonso is wearing the uniform of a general of the British Army, the Royal Victorian Chain, the sash and star of the Garter, the cross of the Order of Charles III, the neck badge of the Golden Fleece, and the badge of the four Spanish military orders. George, then Prince of Wales, is wearing the neck badge of the Golden Fleece, the sash and grand cross grade of the Order of Charles III, the Royal Victorian Chain, and the stars of the Garter and the Order of St Michael and St George.

Order of chivalry

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Investiture of three new members of the Order of the Knot (miniature from the order's statutes, 1352/4).

Spanish orders of chivalry. In the centre, the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1820

Lemuel Francis Abbott's portrait of Admiral Lord Nelson depicting his honours embroidered on his coat jacket

Insignia of the British Order of the Garter.

An order of chivalry, order of knighthood, chivalric order, or equestrian order is an order of knights, typically founded during or inspired by the original Catholic military orders of the Crusades (c.

Commandery

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In the Middle Ages, a commandery (rarely commandry) was the smallest administrative division of the European landed properties of a military order.

Sovereign Military Order of Malta

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Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

The traditional red military uniform worn by Grand Masters

Blessed Gerard, founder of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. Copper engraving by Laurent Cars, about 1725.

The Battle of Lepanto (1571), unknown artist, late 16th century

Emperor Paul of Russia wearing the Crown of the Grand Master of the Order of Malta (1799).

Fra' Giacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto, 80th Prince and Grand Master

A Knight of Grace and Devotion in contemporary church robes

Cardinal Raymond Burke, Patron of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta since 2014

Coat of arms of the Knights of Malta from the façade of the church of San Giovannino dei Cavalieri, Florence, Italy

Vehicle registration plate of the Order, as seen in Rome, Italy

Flags of Knights Hospitaller in Saint Peter's Castle, Bodrum, Turkey.
Left to right: Fabrizio Carretto (1513–1514);
Amaury d'Amboise (1503–1512);
Pierre d'Aubusson (1476–1503);
Jacques de Milly (1454–1451).

Flags of Malta and the SMOM on Fort St. Angelo

Logotype of the [[Military Corps of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta|Military Corps of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]

Military Corps of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, ACISMOM, in parade during Festa della Repubblica in Rome (2007)

Roundel of the air force of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

SMOM Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 at the Italian Air Force Museum

Foreign relations with the SMOM:
Diplomatic relations
Other official relations

The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), officially the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta; Supremus Militaris Ordo Hospitalarius Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodiensis et Melitensis), commonly known as the Order of Malta, Malta Order or Knights of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order, traditionally of a military, chivalric, and noble nature.

The Cross of Mathilde, a crux gemmata made for Mathilde, Abbess of Essen (973–1011), who is shown kneeling before the Virgin and Child in the enamel plaque. The figure of Christ is slightly later. Probably made in Cologne or Essen, the cross demonstrates several medieval techniques: cast figurative sculpture, filigree, enamelling, gem polishing and setting, and the reuse of Classical cameos and engraved gems.

Middle Ages

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In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history.

A late Roman sculpture depicting the Tetrarchs, now in Venice, Italy

Barbarian kingdoms and tribes after the end of the Western Roman Empire

A coin of the Ostrogothic leader Theoderic the Great, struck in Milan, Italy, c. AD 491–501

A mosaic showing Justinian with the bishop of Ravenna (Italy), bodyguards, and courtiers.

Reconstruction of an early medieval peasant village in Bavaria

An 11th-century illustration of Gregory the Great dictating to a secretary

Map showing growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814

Charlemagne's palace chapel at Aachen, completed in 805

10th-century Ottonian ivory plaque depicting Christ receiving a church from Otto I

A page from the Book of Kells, an illuminated manuscript created in the British Isles in the late 8th or early 9th century

Medieval French manuscript illustration of the three classes of medieval society: those who prayed (the clergy) those who fought (the knights), and those who worked (the peasantry). The relationship between these classes was governed by feudalism and manorialism. (Li Livres dou Sante, 13th century)

13th-century illustration of a Jew (in pointed Jewish hat) and the Christian Petrus Alphonsi debating

Europe and the Mediterranean Sea in 1190

The Bayeux Tapestry (detail) showing William the Conqueror (centre), his half-brothers Robert, Count of Mortain (right) and Odo, Bishop of Bayeux in the Duchy of Normandy (left)

Krak des Chevaliers was built during the Crusades for the Knights Hospitallers.

A medieval scholar making precise measurements in a 14th-century manuscript illustration

Portrait of Cardinal Hugh of Saint-Cher by Tommaso da Modena, 1352, the first known depiction of spectacles

The Romanesque Church of Maria Laach, Germany

The Gothic interior of Laon Cathedral, France

Francis of Assisi, depicted by Bonaventura Berlinghieri in 1235, founded the Franciscan Order.

Execution of some of the ringleaders of the jacquerie, from a 14th-century manuscript of the Chroniques de France ou de St Denis

Guy of Boulogne crowning Pope Gregory XI in a 15th-century miniature from Froissart's Chroniques

Clerics studying astronomy and geometry, French, early 15th century

Agricultural calendar, c. 1470, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi

February scene from the 15th-century illuminated manuscript Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry

Medieval illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th-century copy of L'Image du monde

The early Muslim conquests
Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750

Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order, the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers, which fused monastic life with military service.

The Cross of Saint James as used by the Order

Order of Santiago

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Badge of order at the Walters Museum, 17th century

Álvaro de Luna (between 1388 and 1390; June 2, 1453), Constable of Castile, Grand Master of the military order of Santiago, and favorite of King John II of Castile

Portrait of Íñigo López de Mendoza with the embroidered cross of the order, by Frans Pourbus the Elder

The 3rd Count of Guaqui in the uniform of the order, ca. 1910

Monastery of Uclés, parent headquarters of the order, Cuenca Province, Spain

Infante Alfonso portrayed by Laszlo with the embroidered cross of the Order

The Order of Santiago (Orden de Santiago ), is a religious and military order founded in the 12th century.

The order emblem, a red Greek cross with fleur-de-lis at its ends

Order of Calatrava

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Castle of Calatrava la Nueva, former parent headquarters of the order

The Duke of Galliera in contemporary uniform of the Order, ca. 1910

The Italian castrato singer Carlo Broschi in robes of the order. Behind, Ferdinand VI and his wife Barbara of Portugal, c. 1753.

A knight portrayed in the monastic cowl (1731)

Pedro de Barberana y Aparregui, Knight of Calatrava, by Diego Velázquez (1631) Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth.

The Order of Calatrava (Orden de Calatrava, Ordem de Calatrava) was one of the four Spanish military orders and the first military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive papal approval.