Mongolia and Related Topics

Ulaanbaatar

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Remains of Wang Khan's 12th-century palace in Ulaanbaatar

Detail of 19th-century painting of Urga (Ulaanbaatar): in the centre the movable square temple of Bat Tsagaan, built in 1654, besides numerous other temples

The Russian Consulate of Urga (Ulaanbaatar) and the Holy Trinity Church, both built in 1863

Engraving of N.A.Charushin's panorama photo of the old center of Urga from trip (1888) with Potanin

A 1913 panorama of Urga. The large circular compound in the middle is the Zuun Khuree temple-palace complex. The Gandan temple complex is to the left. The palaces of the Bogd are to the south of the river. To the far bottom right of the painting is the Maimaicheng district. To its left are the white buildings of the Russian consulate area. The Manjusri monastery can be seen on Mount Bogd Khan Uul at the bottom-right of the painting

Green areas were increased in the city center during the communist era.

Outdoor market near Gandan hill in 1972; State Department Store in the background

The private sector with yurts against the backdrop of high-rise new buildings in Ulaanbaatar.

Peace Gate of the Winter Palace (Amgalan Enkhiin Khaalga in Mongolian, Andimen in Chinese), for which no nails were used

Throne given to Zanabazar by his disciple the Kangxi Emperor, used by later Jebtsundamba Khutuktus in Urga

Downtown Ulaanbaatar around Sükhbaatar Square

Mongolian National Song and Dance Academic Ensemble

Gorkhi-Terelj National Park is a popular picnic and camping ground all year round.

Main building of the National University of Mongolia

Biking event at Peace avenue. Turkish Embassy in the background

Ger district in Ulaanbaatar with the Temple of Boddhisattva Avalokiteshvara at Gandantegchinlen Monastery in the background.

International Food Festival held annually in UB in September.

Zaisan Memorial is dedicated to the Russian and Mongolian war hero.

The Sükhbaatar Square and Mongolian Parliament.

One of many events in the city. (Shown here, Naadam)

Aryabal Meditation Center at Gorkhi-Terelj National Park.

The Beatles monuments is a popular place for the youth of UB to gather around.

Khustain Nuruu National Park, home of the wild horse Takhi, is just {{convert|90|km|abbr=off}} west of UB.

thumb|Dambadarjaalin Monastery in UlaanBaatar

Ruins of the Tsogchin Temple (1749) of Manjusri Monastery

A building of the Dambadarjaalin Monastery (1765) in Sukhbaatar District

Vajradhara Temple (1841) in the center, Zuu Temple (1869) on the left, connected by a passage built in 1945–1946

Winter residence of the Bogd Gegeen, built in 1903, designed under Tsar Nicholas II

Zanabazar's Fine Arts Museum, built in 1905 by Russian merchant Gudvintsal as a trading shop

Ulaanbaatar History Museum, built in 1904 by a Buryat-Mongol merchant

Choijin Lama temple complex, built in 1904–1908

West Geser Temple in UB, built in 1919–1920 by Guve Ovogt Zakhar

Residence of Prince Chin Wang Khanddorj (Minister of Foreign Affairs), built in 1913.

Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар,, "Red Hero"), previously anglicized as Ulan Bator, is the capital and most populous city of Mongolia.

Image of a Mongolian lady (incorrectly identified as Genepil, Queen consort of Mongolia )

Mongols

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Asia in 500, showing the Rouran Khaganate and its neighbors, including the Northern Wei and the Tuyuhun Khanate, all of them were established by Proto-Mongols

A portrait of Kublai Khan by Araniko (1245–1306)

The Northern Yuan dynasty and Turco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century

Map showing wars between Qing Dynasty and Dzungar Khanate

A Dzungar soldier called Ayusi from the high Qing era, by Giuseppe Castiglione, 1755

The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu in 1755 between the Qing (that ruled China at the time) and Mongol Dzungar armies. The fall of the Dzungar Khanate

Khorloogiin Choibalsan, leader of the Mongolian People's Republic (left), and Georgy Zhukov consult during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol against Japanese troops, 1939

World War II Zaisan Memorial, Ulaan Baatar, from the People's Republic of Mongolia era.

Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj (right)

Chronological tree of the Mongolic languages

Timur of Mongolic origin himself had converted almost all the Borjigin leaders to Islam.

Mongols grazing livestock, by Roy Chapman Andrews photographs in 1921

The Mughal Emperor Babur and his heir Humayun. The word Mughal is derived from the Persian word for Mongol.

This map shows the boundary of the 13th-century Mongol Empire and location of today's Mongols in modern Mongolia, Russia and China.

Strong Mongol men at August games. Photo by Wm. Purdom, 1909

Mongol Empress Zayaat (Jiyatu), wife of Kulug Khan (1281–1311)

Genghis' son Tolui with Queen Sorgaqtani

Mongol soldiers by Rashid al-Din, BnF. MS. Supplément Persan 1113. 1430-1434 AD.

Kalmyk Mongol girl Annushka (painted in 1767)

Dolgorsürengiin Dagvadorj became the first Mongol to reach sumo's highest rank.

Mongol women archers during Naadam festival

Daur Mongol Empress Wanrong (1906–1946), also had Borjigin blood on maternal side.

The Mongols (Монголчууд,, Moŋğolçuud, ; ; Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation.

Inner Mongolia

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Landlocked autonomous region of the People's Republic of China.

Persian miniature depicting Genghis Khan entering Beijing

The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent

Mongolia plateau during early 17th century

Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia within the Qing dynasty, c. 1820

Delegates of Inner Mongolia People's Congress shouting slogans

Winter in Ulanbutan Grassland, Hexigten Banner

A KFC in Hohhot, the capital, with a bilingual street sign in Chinese and Mongolian

Temple of the White Sulde of Genghis Khan in the town of Uxin in Inner Mongolia, in the Mu Us Desert. The worship of Genghis is shared by Chinese and Mongolian folk religion.

Sign of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center

Jade dragon of the Hongshan culture (4700 BC – 2900 BC) found in Ongniud, Chifeng

Honorary tomb of Wang Zhaojun (born c. 50BC) in Hohhot

Fresco from the Liao dynasty (907–1125) tomb at Baoshan, Ar Horqin

Khitan people cooking. Fresco from the Liao dynasty (907–1125) tomb at Aohan

Remains of the city Khara-Khoto built in 1032. Located in Ejin Khoshuu, Alxa Aimag

Maidari Juu temple fortress ({{zh|labels=no |c=美岱召 |p=měidài zhào}}) built by Altan Khan in 1575 near Baotou

Newly built arch in front of the Maidari Juu temple fortress (1575)

Da Zhao temple (also called Ikh Zuu) built by Altan Khan in 1579

Badekar Monastery (1749) near Baotou, Inner Mongolia. Called Badgar Zuu in Mongolian

Badain Jaran temple (1868) in western Inner Mongolia

Alxa Western Monastery (Alshaa Baruun Hiid) built in 1756

Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia.

Yuan dynasty

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Successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division and a conquest dynasty of imperial China established by Kublai (Emperor Shizu), leader of the Mongol Borjigin clan, lasting from 1271 to 1368.

Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty

Guan Daosheng "the most famous and talented female painter and calligrapher in Chinese history" flourished in the Yuan dynasty

The Bailin Temple Pagoda of Zhaoxian County, Hebei Province, built in 1330 during the Yuan dynasty

A Yuan dynasty blue-and-white porcelain dish with fish and flowing water design, mid-14th century, Freer Gallery of Art

Yuan underglaze blue Jingdezhen porcelain plate

A plate made of lacquer, wood, and paper from the Yuan dynasty. The Chinese were able to perfect a method of making lacquer. Decorating this plate are parrots and peonies. The parrot was a symbol of fidelity; because of its ability to mimic human speech, it was believed to be a suitable companion to a woman whose husband was away from home. The bird would be able to inform each person of the other's activities. The peony was a symbol of female virtue. When shown in full bloom, it is a token of love, affection, and feminine beauty. Birmingham Museum of Art.

The Yuan dynasty arched bridges of Taicang were built to show the prosperity the city enjoyed under the Yuan.

A diagram of Pascal's triangle in Zhu Shijie's Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303

Yuan dynasty banknote with its printing plate, 1287

A revolving typecase with individual movable type characters from Wang Zhen's Nong Shu, published in 1313

Blue-and-white Covered Jar with Fretwork Floral Design in Red and Blue Glaze, excavated in Baoding

Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280

Wine jar with fish and aquatic plants, 14th century. Porcelain with underglaze cobalt blue decoration. Brooklyn Museum.

Manichaean Diagram of the Universe, a painting describing Yuan period Manichaean cosmology

A Yuan Qingbai porcelain statue of Guanyin, a bodhisattva of Mahayana Buddhism

Box with pavilion and figures, Yuan dynasty.

Covered box with lunar palace, 14th century. Yuan dynasty.

Jinan Great Southern Mosque was completed during the reign of Temür Khan (the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan).

Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty.

Magic square in Arabic numerals (Yuan dynasty)

Chuangzi Nu (Yuan dynasty)<ref name="bm">{{cite web |url = http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare/index-english12122007.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091202081843/http://www.grandhistorian.com/chinesesiegewarfare/index-english12122007.html |archive-date=December 2, 2009 }}</ref>

Yuan painting of a legendary figure riding on a dragon.

Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan during his youth

Chinese stone inscription of a Nestorian Christian Cross from a monastery of Fangshan District in Beijing (then called Dadu, or Khanbaliq), dated to the Yuan Dynasty

His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern Mongolia.

Mongol Empire

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The largest contiguous land empire in history.

Mongolian tribes during the Khitan Liao dynasty (907–1125)

The Old World on the eve of the Mongol invasions, c. 1200

Genghis Khan, National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan

Genghis Khan ascended the throne in the Ikh Khuraldai region in the Onan river, from the Jami' al-tawarikh.

Coronation of Ögedei Khan in 1229 as the successor of Genghis Khan. By Rashid al-Din, early 14th century.

The sack of Suzdal by Batu Khan in 1238, miniature from a 16th-century chronicle

The battle of Liegnitz, 1241. From a medieval manuscript of the Hedwig legend.

Güyük Khan demanding Pope Innocent IV's submission. The 1246 letter was written in Persian.

A Stone Turtle at the site of the Mongol capital, Karakorum.

Hulagu, Genghis Khan's grandson and founder of the Il-Khanate. From a medieval Persian manuscript.

The extent of the Mongol Empire after the death of Möngke Khan (reigned 1251–1259).

Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan's grandson and founder of the Yuan dynasty

The samurai Suenaga facing Mongol's bomb and Goryeo's arrows. Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293.

defeating the Mongolian invasion army (left) Samurai Mitsui Sukenaga (right)

Mongol warrior on horseback, preparing a mounted archery shot.

A European depiction of the four khans, Temür (Yuan), Chapar (House of Ögedei), Toqta (Golden Horde), and Öljaitü (Ilkhanate), in the Fleur des histoires d'orient.

Hungarian King Béla IV in flight from the Mongols under general Kadan of the Golden Horde.

The successor states of the Mongol Empire in 1335: the Ilkhanate, Golden Horde, Yuan dynasty and Chagatai Khanate

The Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, in which Lithuania successfully pushed the Golden Horde from the Principality of Kiev.

Mongol general Subutai of the Golden Horde

The executed – the long and full beard probably means he is not a Mongol – has been thrown off a cliff.

Persian miniature depicting Ghazan's conversion from Buddhism to Islam.

A 1363 astronomical handbook with Middle Mongolian glosses. Known as the Sanjufini Zij.

Mongols look on as Persian astronomers work. Early 14th century illustration in the Compendium of Chronicles.

A 1305 letter (on a scroll measuring 302 by) from the Ilkhan Mongol Öljaitü to King Philip IV of France.

Gold dinar of Genghis Khan, struck at the Ghazna (Ghazni) mint, dated 1221/2

Map showing the boundary of 13th century Mongol Empire compared to today's Mongols in Mongolia, Russia, the Central Asian States, and China

Tokhtamysh and the armies of the Golden Horde initiate the Siege of Moscow (1382).

Dominican martyrs killed by Mongols during the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1260.

Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, extending northward into parts of the Arctic; eastward and southward into parts of the Indian subcontinent, attempted invasions of Southeast Asia and conquered the Iranian Plateau; and westward as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains.

Xiongnu

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The Xiongnu were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Chinese sources report that Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire.

Asia in 200 BC, showing the early Xiongnu state and its neighbors

Plaque in the shape of a grazing kulan (wild ass), 2nd–1st century BC, Northwest China, Xiongnu culture.

A traveling nomad family led by a man in belted jacket and trousers, pulling a nomadic cart. Belt Buckle, Mongolia or southern Siberia, dated to 2nd-1st century BC (Xiongnu period).

Xiongnu among other people in Asia around 1 AD.

Bronze seal of a Xiongnu chief, conferred by the Eastern Han government. Inscribed 漢匈奴/歸義親/漢長 ("The Chief of the Han Xiongnu, who have returned to righteousness and embraced the Han"). Seal, impression, and transcription in standard characters.

Belt hook depicting an animal fight, Xiongnu, 200-100 BC, bronze. Östasiatiska museet, Stockholm.

Southern and Northern Xiongnu in 200 AD, before the collapse of the Han Dynasty.

Location of Xiongnu and other steppe nations in 300 AD.

An embroidered rug from the Xiongnu Noin-Ula burial site. This luxury item was imported from Bactria, and is thought to represent Yuezhi figures.

Belt plaque in the shape of a kneeling horse, 3rd-1st century BCE, gilded silver, made in North China for Xiongnu patrons.

Belt Buckle, 2nd-1st century BCE, Xiongnu. Another naturalistic belt buckle made to the Xiongnu taste, showing a mounted warrior frontally, holding a dagger and grabbing the hair of a demon who is also attacked by a dog. Also appears a nomadic cart pulled by reindeers, and another dog on top of the cart.

Xiongnu Leather Robe, Han period, Henan Provincial Museum, Zhengzhou

Belt plaque with design of wrestling men, Ordos region and western part of North China, 2nd century BC, bronze - Ethnological Museum, Berlin.

Belt buckle with three Ibexes, 2nd-1st century BC, Xiongnu. Chinese foundries made bronze belt plaques to the taste of the Xiongnu, who preferred designs of real animals in naturalistic settings. These plaques have typically been excavated in Xiongnu tombs of the 1st century BC.

Belt buckle with animal combat scene, 2nd-1st century BCE, made in North China for the Xiongnu. These plates were inspired by the art of the steppes, but the design was flattened and compressed within the frame.

Belt Buckle with nomadic-inspired zoomorphic design, manufactured in China for the Xiongnu. Mercury-gilded bronze (a Chinese technique). North China, 3rd-2nd century BC.

2nd century BC – 2nd century AD characters of Xiongnu-Xianbei script (Mongolia and Inner Mongolia).{{sfn|Ishjamts|1996|p=166, Fig 5}}

"Pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions".

Uniparental haplogroup assignments by group and sex-bias "z" scores of Xiongnu.

A Scythian culture, it was identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans, such as the Siberian Ice Princess, found in the Siberian permafrost, in the Altay Mountains, Kazakhstan and nearby Mongolia.

Genghis Khan

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The founder and first Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.

Autumn at the Onon River, Mongolia, the region where Temüjin was born and grew up

The locations of the Mongolian tribes during the Khitan Liao dynasty (907–1125)

Jurchen inscription (1196) in Mongolia relating to Genghis Khan's alliance with the Jin against the Tatars

Genghis Khan and Toghrul Khan, illustration from a 15th-century Jami' al-tawarikh manuscript

Genghis Khan proclaimed Khagan of all Mongols. Illustration from a 15th-century Jami' al-tawarikh manuscript.

Battle between Mongol warriors and the Chinese

Khwarazmian Empire (green) c. 1200, on the eve of the Mongol invasions

Genghis Khan watches in amazement as the Khwarezmi Jalal ad-Din prepares to ford the Indus.

Significant conquests and movements of Genghis Khan and his generals

Western Xia dynasty, Jin/Jurchen dynasty, Song dynasty and Kingdom of Dali in 1142

Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis Khan's death

Genghis Khan (center) at the coronation of his son Ögedei, Rashid al-Din, early 14th century

Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206–1294

Mural of siege warfare, Genghis Khan Exhibit in San Jose, California, US

Genghis Khan on the reverse of a Kazakh 100 tenge collectible coin.

Portrait on a hillside in Ulaanbaatar, 2006

Genghis Khan Monument in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China

Invasions like the Battle of Baghdad by his grandson are treated as brutal and are seen negatively in Iraq. This illustration is from a 14th-century Jami' al-tawarikh manuscript.

Genghis Khan and Great Khans of the Yuan dynasty, late 13th and early 14th-century Yuan paintings

16th century Ottoman miniature of Genghis Khan

A bust of Genghis Khan adorns a wall in the presidential palace in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Statue of Genghis Khan at his mausoleum, Inner Mongolia, China

Monument in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China

The actor LeKain in the role of Genghis Khan

Present-day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia for unifying the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia.

The Tianning Pagoda, built around 1120 during the Liao dynasty.

Beijing

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Capital of the People's Republic of China.

One of the corner towers of the Forbidden City, built by the Yongle Emperor during the early Ming dynasty

Overlapping layout of Beijing during the Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming dynasties

Summer Palace is one of the several palatial gardens built by Qing emperors in the northwest suburb area.

Chongwenmen, a gate to the inner walled city, c. 1906

A large portrait of Chiang Kai-shek was displayed above Tiananmen after WWII.

Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949

A scene from the opening ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games.

Landsat 7 Satellite image of Beijing Municipality with the surrounding mountains in dark brown

1940s Nationalist Beijing with predominantly traditional architecture

The sign of Doujiao Hutong, one of the many traditional alleyways in the inner city

Beijing average annual temperatures from 1970 to 2019 during summer (June, July, and August) and winter (December, January, and February). Weather station data from ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/noaa/. For comparison the Global Surface Temperature Anomaly rose by approximately one degree over the same time period.

Heavy air pollution has resulted in widespread smog. These photographs, taken in August 2005, show the variations in Beijing's air quality.

Houhai Lake and Drum Tower at Shichahai, in the Xicheng District

Xidan is one of the oldest and busiest shopping areas in Beijing.

The Taikoo Li Sanlitun shopping arcade is a destination for locals and visitors.

Zhongguancun is a technology hub in Haidian District

Qianmen Avenue, a traditional commercial street outside Qianmen Gate along the southern Central Axis

Beijing Acrobatic Performance (10553642935)

Church of the Saviour, also known as the Xishiku Church, built in 1703

The China Central Television Headquarters building in CBD

Fireworks above Olympic venues during the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics

Tai chi (Taijiquan) practitioners at the Fragrant Hills Park

Beijing Workers' Stadium at night as viewed from Sanlitun

Beijing railway station, one of several rail stations in the city

Badaling Expressway overpass near the Great Wall

Typical Beijing traffic signage found at intersections

Terminal 3 of the Beijing Capital International Airport

Two Line 1 trains on the Beijing Subway, which is among the longest and busiest rapid transit systems in the world

Bicyclists during rush hour at the Chang'an Avenue, 2009

KJ-2000 and J-10s started the flypast formation on the 70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China.

Since the Yuan continued to occupy Shangdu and Mongolia, Dadu was used to supply the Ming military garrisons in the area and renamed Beiping (Wade–Giles: Peip'ing, "Northern Peace").

Siberia

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Extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.

Horseman hunting, with characteristic Xiongnu horse trappings, Southern Siberia, 280-180 BCE. Hermitage Museum.

Chukchi, one of many indigenous peoples of Siberia. Representation of a Chukchi family by Louis Choris (1816)

Map of the Siberian Route in the 18th century (green) and the early 19th century (red)

Coat of arms of Siberia, which was a part of the Russian Imperial Coat of Arms until 1917

Altai, Lake Kutsherla in the Altai Mountains

The peninsula of Svyatoy Nos, Lake Baikal

The river Vasyugan in the southern West Siberian Plain

Koryaksky volcano towering over Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the Kamchatka Peninsula

Kamchatka brown bear at Kamchatka Peninsula

Capercaillies occupy much of the Siberian taiga.

Two saddled Bactrian camels shedding their coat in the Altai mountain range.

[//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Siberian_Cities_Map.svg Map of the most populated area of Siberia] with clickable city names (SVG)

[//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Siberian_Cities_Graph.svg Comparison of the nine biggest Siberian cities' growth in the 20th century]

Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia

Yakutsk is the capital of the Sakha Republic

Russian oil and gas pipelines in use before international sanctions and boycotts following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine.

KHL game HC Sibir Novosibirsk vs Amur Khabarovsk

Opening Ceremony of the 2019 Winter Universiade

Tomsk, one of the oldest Siberian cities, was founded in 1604.

Siberia stretches southwards from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and to the northern parts of Mongolia and China.

Oirats

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The Zunghar Khanate at 1750 (light-blue color)

This map fragment shows territories of the Zunghar Khanate as in 1706. (Map Collection of the Library of Congress: "Carte de Tartarie" of Guillaume de L'Isle (1675–1726))

Oirats (Ойрад, Oirad, or Ойрд, Oird; ; in the past, also Eleuths) are the westernmost group of the Mongols whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of Siberia, Xinjiang and Western Mongolia.

A report on Mongolia

194 related topics with Alpha

Ulaanbaatar

Mongols

Inner Mongolia

Yuan dynasty

Mongol Empire

Xiongnu

Genghis Khan

Beijing

Siberia

Oirats