A report on Morphine

A localized reaction to intravenous morphine caused by histamine release in the veins
Before the Morphine by Santiago Rusiñol
Morphine Hydrochloride Ampoule for Veterinary Use
Latex bleeding from a freshly-scored seed pod
Morphine biosynthesis in the opium poppy
Chemical structure of morphine. The benzylisoquinoline backbone is shown in green.
Morphine structure showing its standard ring lettering and carbon numbering system.
Same structure, but in a three-dimensional perspective.
First generation production of alkaloids from licit latex-derived opium
Friedrich Sertürner
Advertisement for curing morphine addiction, c. 1900
An ampoule of morphine with integral needle for immediate use. Also known as a "syrette". From WWII. On display at the Army Medical Services Museum.
Example of different morphine tablets
Two capsules (5 mg & 10 mg) of morphine sulfate extended- release
1 milliliter ampoule containing 10 mg of morphine

Pain medication of the opiate family that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies .

- Morphine
A localized reaction to intravenous morphine caused by histamine release in the veins

102 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Chemical structure of morphine, the prototypical opioid.

Opioid

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Chemical structure of morphine, the prototypical opioid.
US. Top line represents the number of benzodiazepine deaths that also involved opioids. Bottom line represents benzodiazepine deaths that did not involve opioids.
Locants of the morphine molecule
INTA: selective agonist of KOR-DOR and KOR-MOR heteromers. Does not recruit β-arrestin II. Antinociceptive devoid of aversion, tolerance, and dependence in mice.
A sample of raw opium
US yearly deaths from all opioid drugs. Included in this number are opioid analgesics, along with heroin and illicit .<ref name=NIDA-deaths/>
US yearly deaths involving other, predominately Fentanyl.<ref name=NIDA-deaths/>
US yearly deaths involving prescription opioids. is a category dominated by illegally acquired fentanyl, and has been excluded.<ref name=NIDA-deaths>Overdose Death Rates. By National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).</ref>
US yearly overdose deaths involving heroin.<ref name=NIDA-deaths/>

Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects.

Heroin paraphernalia in a Jack Daniels tin

Heroin

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Opioid used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.

Opioid used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.

Heroin paraphernalia in a Jack Daniels tin
Advertising sign from Bayer for use in US drug stores, dating from before the federal prohibition of Heroin in 1924
A 2010 study ranking various illegal and legal drugs based on statements by drug-harm experts. Heroin was found to be the second overall most dangerous drug.
Short-term effects of usage
Long-term effects of intravenous usage, including – and indeed primarily because of – the effects of the contaminants common in illegal heroin and contaminated needles.
Black tar heroin
Advertisement for Bayer Heroin
Bayer Heroin bottle
International drug routes
Afghanistan opium poppy cultivation, 1994–2016 (hectares)
Primary worldwide producers of heroin
Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs. Heroin was ranked 1st in dependence, physical harm, and social harm.
Drug overdoses killed more than 70,200 in the US in 2017, with heroin involved in 15,482 of those deaths.<ref name=NIDA-deaths>{{cite web | url = http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates | title = Overdose Death Rates | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151128091723/http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates | archive-date=28 November 2015 | work = National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) }}</ref>
US yearly overdose deaths involving heroin.<ref name=NIDA-deaths/>
US yearly deaths from all opioid drugs. Included in this number are opioid analgesics, along with heroin and illicit .<ref name=NIDA-deaths/>

Black tar heroin is a variable admixture of morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), which is the result of crude acetylation during clandestine production of street heroin.

The recreational drug lean can be created with codeine syrup (pictured).

Codeine

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The recreational drug lean can be created with codeine syrup (pictured).

Codeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea.

Opium poppy seed pod exuding latex from a cut

Opium

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Dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum.

Dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum.

Opium poppy seed pod exuding latex from a cut
Poppy crop from the Malwa in India (probably Papaver somniferum var. album )
Opium users in Java during the Dutch colonial period c. 1870
Latin translation of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, 1483
An artist's view of an Ottoman opium seller
An opium den in 18th-century China through the eyes of a Western artist
A Chinese opium house, photograph 1902
Destruction of opium at Humen, June 1839
British opium ships
British assault on Canton during the First Opium War, May 1841
Storage of opium at a British East India Company warehouse, c. 1850
The cover page of the book of The Truth about Opium Smoking
Map showing the amount of opium produced in China in 1908: The quote "We English, by the policy we have pursued, are morally responsible for every acre of land in China which is withdrawn from the cultivation of grain and devoted to that of the poppy; so that the fact of the growth of the drug in China ought only to increase our sense of responsibility." is by Lord Justice Fry.
Apothecary vessel for storage of opium as a pharmaceutical, Germany, 18th or 19th century
Modern vial of morphine first isolated from opium by Friedrich Sertürner
Harvesting opium
International drug routes
Afghanistan, Helmand province. A Marine greets local children working in the field of opium poppies near the base.
Afghanistan opium poppy cultivation, 1994–2016 (hectares)
200 g Spanish opium ball
An Akha man smokes a pipe containing opium mixed with tobacco

Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade.

Oxycodone

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Semi-synthetic opioid medication used for treatment of moderate to severe pain.

Semi-synthetic opioid medication used for treatment of moderate to severe pain.

A liquid solution containing 10mg of oxycodone per 1ml
Main side effects of oxycodone
Two tablets (10 mg) of oxycodone and safety blisters
Canadian oxycodone HCL/acetaminophen 5/325 mg tablet

When taken by mouth, it has roughly 1.5 times the effect of the equivalent amount of morphine.

Harvesting the poppy pod.

Opiate

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Substance derived from opium.

Substance derived from opium.

Harvesting the poppy pod.
A chart outlining the structural features that define opiates and opioids, including distinctions between semi-synthetic and fully synthetic opiate structures
Codeine
Chemical structure of morphine
Morphine addiction cure advertisement in the year 1900

The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine.

Opium poppies such as this one provide ingredients for the class of analgesics called opiates

Analgesic

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Analgesic, pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain .

Analgesic, pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain .

Opium poppies such as this one provide ingredients for the class of analgesics called opiates
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Morphine, the archetypal opioid, and other opioids (e.g., codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, dihydromorphine, pethidine) all exert a similar influence on the cerebral opioid receptor system.

Hydromorphone

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Opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain.

Opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain.

Hydromorphone 2 mg IV is equivalent to approximately 10 mg morphine IV.

Controlled Drugs and Substances Act

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Canada's federal drug control statute.

Canada's federal drug control statute.

3) Morphine (7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol)

2017 marked the 40th anniversary of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

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The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (aka Essential Medicines List or EML ), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (aka Essential Medicines List or EML ), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.

2017 marked the 40th anniversary of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.
A skeletal model of the chemical structure of aspirin
A skeletal model of the chemical structure of albendazole
Pure crystals of ethambutol
Two capsules of atazanavir
Bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma
A vial of oral cholera vaccine

Morphine