A report on Opiate, Morphine and Opioid

Harvesting the poppy pod.
A localized reaction to intravenous morphine caused by histamine release in the veins
Chemical structure of morphine, the prototypical opioid.
A chart outlining the structural features that define opiates and opioids, including distinctions between semi-synthetic and fully synthetic opiate structures
Before the Morphine by Santiago Rusiñol
US. Top line represents the number of benzodiazepine deaths that also involved opioids. Bottom line represents benzodiazepine deaths that did not involve opioids.
Codeine
Morphine Hydrochloride Ampoule for Veterinary Use
Locants of the morphine molecule
Chemical structure of morphine
Latex bleeding from a freshly-scored seed pod
INTA: selective agonist of KOR-DOR and KOR-MOR heteromers. Does not recruit β-arrestin II. Antinociceptive devoid of aversion, tolerance, and dependence in mice.
Morphine addiction cure advertisement in the year 1900
Morphine biosynthesis in the opium poppy
A sample of raw opium
Chemical structure of morphine. The benzylisoquinoline backbone is shown in green.
US yearly deaths from all opioid drugs. Included in this number are opioid analgesics, along with heroin and illicit .<ref name=NIDA-deaths/>
Morphine structure showing its standard ring lettering and carbon numbering system.
US yearly deaths involving other, predominately Fentanyl.<ref name=NIDA-deaths/>
Same structure, but in a three-dimensional perspective.
US yearly deaths involving prescription opioids. is a category dominated by illegally acquired fentanyl, and has been excluded.<ref name=NIDA-deaths>Overdose Death Rates. By National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).</ref>
First generation production of alkaloids from licit latex-derived opium
US yearly overdose deaths involving heroin.<ref name=NIDA-deaths/>
Friedrich Sertürner
Advertisement for curing morphine addiction, c. 1900
An ampoule of morphine with integral needle for immediate use. Also known as a "syrette". From WWII. On display at the Army Medical Services Museum.
Example of different morphine tablets
Two capsules (5 mg & 10 mg) of morphine sulfate extended- release
1 milliliter ampoule containing 10 mg of morphine

Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate family that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies (Papaver somniferum).

- Morphine

Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects.

- Opioid

In more modern usage, the term opioid is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain (including antagonists).

- Opiate

The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine.

- Opiate

Opioids include opiates, an older term that refers to such drugs derived from opium, including morphine itself.

- Opioid

About 70 percent of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and heroin.

- Morphine
Harvesting the poppy pod.

4 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Opium poppy seed pod exuding latex from a cut

Opium

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Dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum.

Dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum.

Opium poppy seed pod exuding latex from a cut
Poppy crop from the Malwa in India (probably Papaver somniferum var. album )
Opium users in Java during the Dutch colonial period c. 1870
Latin translation of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, 1483
An artist's view of an Ottoman opium seller
An opium den in 18th-century China through the eyes of a Western artist
A Chinese opium house, photograph 1902
Destruction of opium at Humen, June 1839
British opium ships
British assault on Canton during the First Opium War, May 1841
Storage of opium at a British East India Company warehouse, c. 1850
The cover page of the book of The Truth about Opium Smoking
Map showing the amount of opium produced in China in 1908: The quote "We English, by the policy we have pursued, are morally responsible for every acre of land in China which is withdrawn from the cultivation of grain and devoted to that of the poppy; so that the fact of the growth of the drug in China ought only to increase our sense of responsibility." is by Lord Justice Fry.
Apothecary vessel for storage of opium as a pharmaceutical, Germany, 18th or 19th century
Modern vial of morphine first isolated from opium by Friedrich Sertürner
Harvesting opium
International drug routes
Afghanistan, Helmand province. A Marine greets local children working in the field of opium poppies near the base.
Afghanistan opium poppy cultivation, 1994–2016 (hectares)
200 g Spanish opium ball
An Akha man smokes a pipe containing opium mixed with tobacco

Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade.

The latex also contains the closely related opiates codeine and thebaine, and non-analgesic alkaloids such as papaverine and noscapine.

The recreational drug lean can be created with codeine syrup (pictured).

Codeine

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The recreational drug lean can be created with codeine syrup (pictured).

Codeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea.

Codeine is a nonsynthetic opioid.

An animated view of the human κ-opioid receptor in complex with the antagonist JDTic.

Opioid receptor

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An animated view of the human κ-opioid receptor in complex with the antagonist JDTic.

Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands.

By the mid-1960s, it had become apparent from pharmacologic studies that opiate drugs were likely to exert their actions at specific receptor sites, and that there were likely to be multiple such sites.

Social attachment was demonstrated to be mediated by the opioid system through experiments administering morphine and naltrexone, an opioid agonist and antagonist, to juvenile guinea pigs.

Dipropanoylmorphine

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Dipropanoylmorphine (Dipropionylmorphine in U.S. English) is an opiate derivative, the 3,6-dipropanoyl ester of morphine.

Side effects are generally relatively mild for an opioid with a similar profile to morphine/heroin and typical of other opioids.