A report on Morphine

A localized reaction to intravenous morphine caused by histamine release in the veins
Before the Morphine by Santiago Rusiñol
Morphine Hydrochloride Ampoule for Veterinary Use
Latex bleeding from a freshly-scored seed pod
Morphine biosynthesis in the opium poppy
Chemical structure of morphine. The benzylisoquinoline backbone is shown in green.
Morphine structure showing its standard ring lettering and carbon numbering system.
Same structure, but in a three-dimensional perspective.
First generation production of alkaloids from licit latex-derived opium
Friedrich Sertürner
Advertisement for curing morphine addiction, c. 1900
An ampoule of morphine with integral needle for immediate use. Also known as a "syrette". From WWII. On display at the Army Medical Services Museum.
Example of different morphine tablets
Two capsules (5 mg & 10 mg) of morphine sulfate extended- release
1 milliliter ampoule containing 10 mg of morphine

Pain medication of the opiate family that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies .

- Morphine
A localized reaction to intravenous morphine caused by histamine release in the veins

102 related topics with Alpha

Overall
Newborn baby and mother with vernix covering on the baby

Childbirth

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Ending of pregnancy where one or more babies exits the internal environment of the mother via vaginal delivery or Caesarean section.

Ending of pregnancy where one or more babies exits the internal environment of the mother via vaginal delivery or Caesarean section.

Newborn baby and mother with vernix covering on the baby
A Luristan bronze fibula showing a woman giving birth between two antelopes, ornamented with flowers. From Iran, 1000 to 650 BC, at the Louvre museum.
Sequence of images showing the stages of ordinary childbirth
The hormones initiating labour
US births by time of day
Engagement of the fetal head
Stages in the birth of the baby's head
Newborn rests as caregiver checks breath sounds
Share of births attended by skilled health staff
Oxytocin facilitates labour and will follow a positive feedback loop.
Mechanical fetal injury may be caused by improper rotation of the fetus.
810 women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 94% occur in low and lower middle-income countries.
Medieval woman, having given birth, enjoying her lying-in (postpartum confinement). France, 14th century
Cost of childbirth in several countries in 2012.
Model of pelvis used in the beginning of the 19th century to teach technical procedures for a successful childbirth. Museum of the History of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Kangaroo care by father in Cameroon.
Disability-adjusted life year for maternal conditions per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. no data less than 100 100–400 400–800 800–1200 1200–1600 1600–2000 2000–2400 2400–2800 2800–3200 3200–3600 3600–4000 more than 4000
Disability-adjusted life year for perinatal conditions per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. no data less than 100 100–400 400–800 800–1200 1200–1600 1600–2000 2000–2400 2400–2800 2800–3200 3200–3600 3600–4000 more than 4000
Disability-adjusted life year for neonatal infections and other (perinatal) conditions per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. Excludes prematurity and low birth weight, birth asphyxia and birth trauma which have their own maps/data. no data less than 150 150–300 300–450 450–600 600–750 750–900 900–1050 1050–1200 1200–1350 1350–1500 1500–1850 more than 1850

The use of morphine and scopolamine, also known as "twilight sleep", was first used in Germany and popularised by German physicians Bernard Kronig and Karl Gauss.

Chemical structure of morphine, (5α,6α)-7,8-Didehydro- 4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol, perhaps the most important naturally occurring substance of the morphinan type.

Morphinan

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Prototype chemical structure of a large chemical class of psychoactive drugs, consisting of opiate analgesics, cough suppressants, and dissociative hallucinogens, among others.

Prototype chemical structure of a large chemical class of psychoactive drugs, consisting of opiate analgesics, cough suppressants, and dissociative hallucinogens, among others.

Chemical structure of morphine, (5α,6α)-7,8-Didehydro- 4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol, perhaps the most important naturally occurring substance of the morphinan type.
Chemical structure of naloxone, 17-Allyl-4,5α-epoxy-3,14-dihydroxymorphinan-6-one.
Chemical structure of naloxegol, (5α,6α)-17-Allyl-6-[(20-hydroxy-3,6,9,12,15,18-hexaoxaicos-1-yl)oxy]-4,5-epoxymorphinan-3,14-diol.

Of the major naturally occurring opiates of the morphinan type—morphine, codeine and thebaine—thebaine has no therapeutic properties (it causes seizures in mammals), but it provides a low-cost feedstock for the industrial production of at least four semi-synthetic opiate agonists, including hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone and oxymorphone, and the opioid antagonist naloxone.

Hydromorphinol

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Hydromorphinol (RAM-320, 14-Hydroxydihydromorphine), also is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of morphine, where the 14-position has been hydroxylated and the 7,8- double bond saturated.

Opium Law

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Section of the Dutch law which covers nearly all psychotropic drugs.

Section of the Dutch law which covers nearly all psychotropic drugs.

As the name indicates the main reason for introduction was to regulate the Opium trade and later to control various other addictive drugs like morphine, cocaine, heroin, barbiturates, amphetamines and several decades later, benzodiazapines, which were used both medically and recreationally.

One synthesis of desomorphine from codeine

Desomorphine

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Semi-synthetic opioid commercialized by Roche, with powerful, fast-acting effects, such as sedation and analgesia.

Semi-synthetic opioid commercialized by Roche, with powerful, fast-acting effects, such as sedation and analgesia.

One synthesis of desomorphine from codeine

Desomorphine is a morphine analogue where the 6-hydroxyl group and the 7,8 double bond have been reduced.

Piritramide

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Synthetic opioid analgesic (narcotic painkiller) that is marketed in certain European countries including: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Germany and the Netherlands.

Synthetic opioid analgesic (narcotic painkiller) that is marketed in certain European countries including: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Germany and the Netherlands.

It comes in free form, is about 0.75x times as potent as morphine and is given parenterally (by injection) for the treatment of severe pain.

Mental health as a risk factor for illicit drug dependency or abuse.

Substance dependence

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Biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption of the drug.<ref name="NHM terms-DSM flaw"> A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences.

Biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption of the drug.<ref name="NHM terms-DSM flaw"> A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences.

Mental health as a risk factor for illicit drug dependency or abuse.

Morphine was isolated in the early 19th century, and came to be prescribed commonly by doctors, both as a painkiller and as an intended cure for opium addiction.

Endorphins

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Endorphins (contracted from endogenous morphine) are endogenous opioid neuropeptides and peptide hormones in humans and other animals.

Endorphins (contracted from endogenous morphine) are endogenous opioid neuropeptides and peptide hormones in humans and other animals.

Research during this time was focused on the search for a painkiller that did not have the addictive character or overdose risk of morphine.

Brain positron emission tomography images that compare brain metabolism in a healthy individual and an individual with a cocaine addiction

Addiction

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Neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences.

Neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences.

Brain positron emission tomography images that compare brain metabolism in a healthy individual and an individual with a cocaine addiction
Acute confusional state caused by alcohol withdrawal, also known as delirium tremens

Modern research on addiction has led to a better understanding of the disease with research studies on the topic dating back to 1875, specifically on morphine addiction.

Artistic interpretation of the major elements in chemical synaptic transmission. An electrochemical wave called an action potential travels along the axon of a neuron. When the action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, it provokes the release of a synaptic vesicle, secreting its quanta of neurotransmitter molecules. The neurotransmitter binds to chemical receptor molecules located in the membrane of another neuron, the postsynaptic neuron, on the opposite side of the synaptic cleft.

Chemical synapse

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Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.

Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.

Artistic interpretation of the major elements in chemical synaptic transmission. An electrochemical wave called an action potential travels along the axon of a neuron. When the action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, it provokes the release of a synaptic vesicle, secreting its quanta of neurotransmitter molecules. The neurotransmitter binds to chemical receptor molecules located in the membrane of another neuron, the postsynaptic neuron, on the opposite side of the synaptic cleft.
Diagram of a chemical synaptic connection.
Release of neurotransmitter occurs at the end of axonal branches.

Morphine acts on synapses that use endorphin neurotransmitters, and alcohol increases the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter GABA.