A report on Morphine

A localized reaction to intravenous morphine caused by histamine release in the veins
Before the Morphine by Santiago Rusiñol
Morphine Hydrochloride Ampoule for Veterinary Use
Latex bleeding from a freshly-scored seed pod
Morphine biosynthesis in the opium poppy
Chemical structure of morphine. The benzylisoquinoline backbone is shown in green.
Morphine structure showing its standard ring lettering and carbon numbering system.
Same structure, but in a three-dimensional perspective.
First generation production of alkaloids from licit latex-derived opium
Friedrich Sertürner
Advertisement for curing morphine addiction, c. 1900
An ampoule of morphine with integral needle for immediate use. Also known as a "syrette". From WWII. On display at the Army Medical Services Museum.
Example of different morphine tablets
Two capsules (5 mg & 10 mg) of morphine sulfate extended- release
1 milliliter ampoule containing 10 mg of morphine

Pain medication of the opiate family that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies .

- Morphine
A localized reaction to intravenous morphine caused by histamine release in the veins

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Papaver bracteatum

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Sturdy hardy perennial poppy with large deep red flowers up to 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter on stiff stalks up to 4 feet (1.22 metres) high with a prominent black spot near the base of the petals.

Sturdy hardy perennial poppy with large deep red flowers up to 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter on stiff stalks up to 4 feet (1.22 metres) high with a prominent black spot near the base of the petals.

Papaver bracteatum does not contain morphine, codeine or any other narcotic alkaloids in significant amounts.

Reticuline

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Chemical compound found in a variety of plants including Lindera aggregata, Annona squamosa, and Ocotea fasciculata .

Chemical compound found in a variety of plants including Lindera aggregata, Annona squamosa, and Ocotea fasciculata .

It is the precursor of morphine and many other alkaloids.

Pulmonary edema with small pleural effusions on both sides

Pulmonary edema

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Excessive liquid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs.

Excessive liquid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs.

Pulmonary edema with small pleural effusions on both sides
X-Ray showing pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema on CT-scan (coronal MPR)

A loop diuretic such as furosemide (or Lasix®) is administered, often together with morphine to reduce respiratory distress.

Antagonists will block the binding of an agonist at a receptor molecule, inhibiting the signal produced by a receptor–agonist coupling.

Receptor antagonist

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Type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist.

Type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist.

Antagonists will block the binding of an agonist at a receptor molecule, inhibiting the signal produced by a receptor–agonist coupling.
Agonists require higher dose/concentration to achieve the same effect when in the presence of a reversible competitive antagonist.
Agonists get it's maximum effect reduced when in the presence of a Irreversible Competitive Antagonist or a Reversible Non-Competitive Antagonist.
Chart demonstrating the difference between agonists, silent antagonists, and inverse agonists.

Naloxone (also known as Narcan) is used to reverse opioid overdose caused by drugs such as heroin or morphine.

Dextropropoxyphene

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Analgesic in the opioid category, patented in 1955 and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company.

Analgesic in the opioid category, patented in 1955 and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company.

Codeine is more commonly used; however, as codeine is, in essence, a prodrug that requires in vivo metabolism (to morphine via demethylation) for efficacy, it is ineffective for some individuals with the "poor metabolizer" genotype of the liver cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6.

Signaling pathway of toll-like receptor 4. Dashed grey lines represent unknown associations

Toll-like receptor 4

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Protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR4 gene.

Protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR4 gene.

Signaling pathway of toll-like receptor 4. Dashed grey lines represent unknown associations

Various μ-opioid receptor ligands have been tested and found to also possess action as agonists or antagonists of TLR4, with opioid agonists such as (+)-morphine being TLR4 agonists, while opioid antagonists such as naloxone were found to be TLR4 antagonists.

Structural correlation between met-enkephalin, an opioid peptide, (left) and morphine, an opiate drug, (right)

Opioid peptide

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Opioid peptides are peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; opiates and opioids mimic the effect of these peptides.

Opioid peptides are peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; opiates and opioids mimic the effect of these peptides.

Structural correlation between met-enkephalin, an opioid peptide, (left) and morphine, an opiate drug, (right)

While not peptides, codeine and morphine are also produced in the human body.

A photograph showing a person who had overdosed

Drug overdose

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Ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities much greater than are recommended.

Ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities much greater than are recommended.

A photograph showing a person who had overdosed
Timeline of US drug overdose death rates by race and ethnicity. Rate per 100,000 population.
Activated carbon is a commonly used agent for decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract in overdoses.
U.S. yearly overdose deaths from all drugs.<ref name="NIDA-deaths">Overdose Death Rates. And {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128091723/http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates |date=2015-11-28}}. By National Institute on Drug Abuse.</ref>
U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines.<ref name="NIDA-deaths" />
U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving cocaine.<ref name="NIDA-deaths" />
U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving heroin.<ref name="NIDA-deaths" />
U.S. overdose deaths involving all opioids. Deaths per 100,000 population.<ref name=CDC-opioids>Opioid Data Analysis and Resources. Drug Overdose. CDC Injury Center. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Click on "Rising Rates" tab for a graph. See data table below the graph.</ref>
U.S. yearly deaths involving prescription opioids. is a category dominated by illegally acquired fentanyl, and has been excluded.<ref name="NIDA-deaths" />
US yearly overdose deaths, and the drugs involved. Among the 70,200 deaths in 2017, the sharpest increase occurred among deaths related to fentanyl and fentanyl analogs with 28,466 deaths.<ref name=NIDA-deaths/>

For example, naloxone is the antidote for opiates such as heroin or morphine.

Speedball (drug)

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Speedball (or powerball) is a polydrug mixture of a stimulant (most often cocaine) with an opioid (heroin, morphine, and/or fentanyl) that may be taken intravenously or by nasal insufflation.

Tapping of latex from a tree, for use in rubber production

Latex

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Stable dispersion of polymer microparticles in water.

Stable dispersion of polymer microparticles in water.

Tapping of latex from a tree, for use in rubber production
Rubber tapping latex
Opium poppy exuding fresh latex from a cut

Dried latex from the opium poppy is called opium, the source of several useful analgesic alkaloids such as codeine, thebaine, and morphine, the latter two of which can then further be used in the synthesis and manufacture of other (typically stronger) opioids for medicinal use, and of heroin for the illegal drug trade.