A report on Motion blur

Earth's rotation causes motion blur in long-exposure photos of the night sky. This diurnal motion leaves star trails in exposures like this one taken at La Silla Observatory.
An example of motion blur showing a London bus passing a telephone box in London
1920s example of motion blur
Two animations rotating around a figure, with motion blur (left) and without
A taxicab starting to drive off blurred the girls' faces in the image.
Motion blur is frequently employed in sports photography (particularly motor sports) to convey a sense of speed. To achieve this effect it is necessary to use a slow shutter speed and pan the lens of the camera in time with the motion of the object
Taken aboard an airplane turning above San Jose at night. The city lights form concentric strips.
The traffic on this street leaves brilliant streaks due to the low shutter speed of the camera and the cars' relatively fast speed.
Strickland Falls in Tasmania, Australia, taken using a neutral density filter. ND filters reduce light of all colors or wavelengths equally, allowing an increase in aperture and decrease in shutter speed without overexposing the image. To create the motion blur seen here, the shutter must be kept open for a relatively long time, making it necessary to reduce the amount of light coming through the lens.
Long exposure photograph of moths showing exaggerated rod effect.

Apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation.

- Motion blur
Earth's rotation causes motion blur in long-exposure photos of the night sky. This diurnal motion leaves star trails in exposures like this one taken at La Silla Observatory.

10 related topics with Alpha

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Go motion

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Go motion is a variation of stop motion animation which incorporates motion blur into each frame involving motion.

Nr. 10 in the reworked second series of Stampfer's stroboscopic discs published by Trentsensky & Vieweg in 1833.

Animation

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Method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images.

Method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images.

Nr. 10 in the reworked second series of Stampfer's stroboscopic discs published by Trentsensky & Vieweg in 1833.
A projecting praxinoscope, from 1882, here shown superimposing an animated figure on a separately projected background scene
Fantasmagorie (1908) by Émile Cohl
Italian-Argentine cartoonist Quirino Cristiani showing the cut and articulated figure of his satirical character El Peludo (based on President Yrigoyen) patented in 1916 for the realization of his films, including the world's first animated feature film El Apóstol.
An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th-century photos.
A clay animation scene from a Finnish television commercial
A 2D animation of two circles joined by a chain
World of Color hydrotechnics at Disney California Adventure creates the illusion of motion using 1,200 fountains with high-definition projections on mist screens.

Go motion : A variant of model animation that uses various techniques to create motion blur between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop motion. The technique was invented by Industrial Light & Magic and Phil Tippett to create special effect scenes for the film The Empire Strikes Back (1980). Another example is the dragon named "Vermithrax" from the 1981 film Dragonslayer.

Blue Hour on the central square in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany. Notice how a long exposure blurs passerby while buildings retain sharp focus

Long-exposure photography

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Blue Hour on the central square in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany. Notice how a long exposure blurs passerby while buildings retain sharp focus
In this 45-minute exposure taken on a dark clear night at Paranal Observatory, the stars leave trails as they appear to revolve around the south celestial pole (left), due to Earth's rotation.
Long-exposure photography is used at night to take interesting pictures of the roads with their route being noticeable
A long exposure photo of a watch in the dark. Note the appearance of the second hand as it rotates, showing that this was a 30-second exposure. The hour hand (which has only moved barely) is clear, while the minute hand is slightly blurry from a half a minute of movement.
Long-exposure photograph of a break in pool.
Freight train passing through Gore, New Zealand. The 'BULB' mode on a DSLR camera was used for this photo. Note the "flashing" of the locomotive ditch lights.
Long exposure of the International Center of Photography (30 seconds)
Long exposure: 30 sec: insect flights in the night in front of a spotlight.
A 20-second exposure shows car trails at twilight in the high desert, California.
Streaks of light from vehicle headlights.
A 30-second exposure shows the candlelight trails in a Romanian cathedral.
Example of light painting
A 30-second-long exposure sharply captured the still elements of this image while blurring the waterfall into a mist-like appearance. Debris in the swirling water in the pool forms complete circles.
A 4-second-long exposure of a gorge yields a more misty look.
A one-year exposure, showing sun trails for the entire year 2014. Image was taken in Sashegy, Buda, Budapest, Hungary.
A Solargraph taken from ESO's APEX at Chajnantor.
alt=Short streaks of light on a dark sky, showing star trails that were photographed with a long exposure.|Star trails photographed by facing northwest.
Star trails over the ESO 3.6 m Telescope.<ref>{{cite news|title=Venus Transit Seen Reflected from the Moon|url=http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann12100/|access-date=14 December 2012|newspaper=ESO Announcement}}</ref>
A star trail photograph showing the apparent motion of stars around the north celestial pole; Polaris is the bright star near the pole, just above the jet trail.
The constellation of Cassiopeia over a thunderstorm.<ref>{{cite web|title=The constellation of Cassiopeia over a thunderstorm|url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/ann15018a/|website=www.eso.org|publisher=European Southern Observatory|access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref>
Startrail shot in Waterworks Prairie Park, Iowa.
Startrail in Fayyoum, Egypt.

Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements.

A clay model of a chicken, designed to be used in a clay stop motion animation

Stop motion

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Animated filmmaking technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exhibit independent motion or change when the series of frames is played back.

Animated filmmaking technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exhibit independent motion or change when the series of frames is played back.

A clay model of a chicken, designed to be used in a clay stop motion animation
Julienne Mathieu in a stop motion/pixilation scene from Hôtel électrique (1908)
Stills from Battle of the Suds and other Helena Smith-Dayton films (1917)
Pat & Mat, two inventive but clumsy neighbors, was introduced in 1976, while the first made-for-TV episode Tapety (translated Wallpaper) was produced in 1979 for ČST Bratislava.

Go motion involved programming a computer to move parts of a model slightly during each exposure of each frame of film, combined with traditional hand manipulation of the model in between frames, to produce a more realistic motion blurring effect.

A long exposure showing star trails around the south and north celestial poles, viewed from Paranal Observatory. (Credit: ESO)

Exposure (photography)

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Amount of light per unit area reaching a frame of photographic film or the surface of an electronic image sensor, as determined by shutter speed, lens F-number, and scene luminance.

Amount of light per unit area reaching a frame of photographic film or the surface of an electronic image sensor, as determined by shutter speed, lens F-number, and scene luminance.

A long exposure showing star trails around the south and north celestial poles, viewed from Paranal Observatory. (Credit: ESO)
A photograph of the sea after sunset with an exposure time of 15 seconds. The swell from the waves appears foggy.
A photograph of Fort du Salbert taken by moonlight with an exposure time of ten minutes.
White chair: Deliberate use of overexposure for aesthetic purposes
Two similar images, one taken in auto mode (underexposed), the other with manual settings.
Buildings and trees photographed with an autoexposure time of 0,005 s
A street view of Taka-Töölö, Helsinki, Finland, during a very sunny winter day. The image has been deliberately overexposed by +1 EV to compensate for the bright sunlight and the exposure time calculated by the camera's program automatic metering is still 1/320 s.
A 1/30 s exposure showing motion blur on fountain at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
A 1/320 s exposure showing individual drops on fountain at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
A demonstration of the effect of exposure in night photography. Longer shutter speeds result in increased exposure.
A fair ride taken with a 2/5 second exposure
Example image exhibiting blown-out highlights. Top: original image, bottom: blown-out areas marked red

Many photographers choose to control aperture and shutter independently because opening up the aperture increases exposure, but also decreases the depth of field, and a slower shutter increases exposure but also increases the opportunity for motion blur.

Cover art

Unreal Tournament 3

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First-person arena shooter video game developed by Epic Games and published by Midway Games.

First-person arena shooter video game developed by Epic Games and published by Midway Games.

Cover art

The game also uses motion blur effects.

A drawing of an airplane with motion lines to indicate that it is moving fast

Motion lines

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Moving quickly.

Moving quickly.

A drawing of an airplane with motion lines to indicate that it is moving fast
Motion lines added with photo-editing software, to imply motion

A similar effect is found in long-exposure photography, where a camera can capture lights as they move through time and space, blurred along the direction of motion.

Overview from above, looking down on the camera panning left and right of the subject

Panning (camera)

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In cinematography and photography panning means swivelling a still or video camera horizontally from a fixed position.

In cinematography and photography panning means swivelling a still or video camera horizontally from a fixed position.

Overview from above, looking down on the camera panning left and right of the subject
Example of a panning technique photo (shutter speed: 1/80)
Panning shot of a chicken running, at a slow shutter speed of 1/40 second
Panning of Porsche 996 GT3 RSR, shutter speed is 1/125 second

The exposure time must be long enough to allow the background to blur due to the camera movement as the photographer follows the subject in the viewfinder.

Saccadic masking

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Saccadic masking, also known as (visual) saccadic suppression, is the phenomenon in visual perception where the brain selectively blocks visual processing during eye movements in such a way that neither the motion of the eye (and subsequent motion blur of the image) nor the gap in visual perception is noticeable to the viewer.

This animated cartoon of a galloping horse is displayed at 12 drawings per second, and the fast motion is on the edge of being objectionably jerky.

Frame rate

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Frequency (rate) at which consecutive images (frames) are captured or displayed.

Frequency (rate) at which consecutive images (frames) are captured or displayed.

This animated cartoon of a galloping horse is displayed at 12 drawings per second, and the fast motion is on the edge of being objectionably jerky.
Low frame rate video
Video with 4 times increased frame rate

However, since these methods directly hallucinate pixels unlike the flow-based FRC methods, the predicted frames tend to be blurry when fast-moving objects are present.