A report on Movie projector

35 mm movie projector in operation
Simulation of a spinning zoopraxiscope
An early projector and seats from a movie theater
1910's 35mm hand-cranked tinplate toy movie projector manufactured by Leonhard Müller in Nuremberg, Germany.
35 mm Kinoton FP30ST movie projector, with parts labeled. (Click thumbnail for larger text.)
Mechanical sequence when image is shown twice and then advanced. Outer sprockets rotate continuously while the frame advance sprockets are controlled by the mechanism shown – a Geneva drive.
Imaging lens Diastar of an Askania 35 mm movie projector (focal length: 400 mm)
Christie AW3 platter, BIG SKY Industries console, and Century SA projector
nonrewind in Royal – Malmö, Sweden
A diagram of the VistaVision format
A photo of a 35 mm film print featuring all four audio formats (or "quad track")- from left to right: SDDS (blue area to the left of the sprocket holes), Dolby Digital (grey area between the sprocket holes labelled with the Dolby "Double-D" logo in the middle), analog optical sound (the two white lines to the right of the sprocket holes), and the Datasat time code (the dashed line to the far right.)
Simulated wide screen image with 1.96 to 1 ratio as it would be seen in a camera viewfinder or on a theater screen
Simulated anamorphed image with 1.33 to 1 ratio (4:3) as it would appear on a frame of film

Opto-mechanical device for displaying motion picture film by projecting it onto a screen.

- Movie projector
35 mm movie projector in operation

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Animated GIF of Prof. Stampfer's Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X (Trentsensky & Vieweg 1833)

Film

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Work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere through the use of moving images.

Work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere through the use of moving images.

Animated GIF of Prof. Stampfer's Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X (Trentsensky & Vieweg 1833)
An animated GIF of a photographic sequence shot by Eadweard Muybridge in 1878. His chronophotographic works can be regarded as very short movies that were recorded before there was a proper way to replay the material in motion.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest surviving film produced using a motion picture camera, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
A famous shot from Georges Méliès Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film and also an early science fiction film.
Salah Zulfikar, one of the most popular actors in the golden age of Egyptian Cinema
This 16 mm spring-wound Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in film schools.
Founded in 1912, the Babelsberg Studio near Berlin was the first large-scale film studio in the world, and the forerunner to Hollywood. It still produces global blockbusters every year.
The Lumière Brothers, who were among the first filmmakers
Salah Zulfikar and Faten Hamama in the premiere of Bain Al-Atlal ("Among the Ruins") in Cairo, 1959
An animated image of a horse, made using eight pictures.
An animation of the retouched Sallie Garner card from The Horse in Motion series (1878–1879) by Muybridge. His chronophotographic works can be regarded as very short movies that were recorded before there was a proper way to replay the material in motion.

The images are transmitted through a movie projector at the same rate as they were recorded, with a Geneva drive ensuring that each frame remains still during its short projection time.

Interior view of Kinetoscope with peephole viewer at top of cabinet

Kinetoscope

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Early motion-picture exhibition device.

Early motion-picture exhibition device.

Interior view of Kinetoscope with peephole viewer at top of cabinet
Sheet of images from one of the three Monkeyshines films (c. 1889–90) produced as tests of an early version of the Kinetoscope
An acre in size, Edison's exhibit at the Exposition Universelle included an entire electrical power station. (Smithsonian Institution/William J. Hammer Collection)
Charles Kayser of the Edison lab seated behind the Kinetograph. Portability was not among the camera's virtues.
35 mm filmstrip of the Edison production Butterfly Dance (c. 1894–95), featuring Annabelle Whitford Moore, in the format that would become standard for both still and motion picture photography around the world.
Construction of the imposing Black Maria began in December 1892. In order to take full advantage of sunlight, the tar paper–lined studio was equipped with a hinged, flip-up roof and the entire structure could rotate on a track. "It obeys no architectural rules," declared Dickson, who found it "productive of the happiest effects in the films."
A San Francisco Kinetoscope parlor, c. 1894–95.
Advertisement announcing the initial Kinetoscope exhibition in London, held on October 17, 1894.
The 1895 version of the Kinetophone in use, showing the earphones that lead to the cylinder phonograph within the cabinet
Reverse side of a kinetophone, showing a wax cylinder phonograph driven by a belt.
In the first decade of the 1900s, years before developing the compact Home Projecting Kinetoscope, Edison marketed an essentially theatrical 35 mm Projecting Kinetoscope for domestic use.
Image of a Projecting Kinetoscope published in 1914
Promotion of Kinetophone system, January 1913

The Kinetoscope was not a movie projector, but it introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent of video.

Modern cinema auditorium in Madrid, Spain

Movie theater

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Building that contains auditoria for viewing films (also called movies) for entertainment.

Building that contains auditoria for viewing films (also called movies) for entertainment.

Modern cinema auditorium in Madrid, Spain
Rodgers Theatre in Poplar Bluff in Missouri. This Art Deco-style theater opened in 1949.
The view from the projectionist's booth at Ultimate Palace Cinema in Oxford. The projector is displaying the 1997 Universal Pictures logo.
A cinema auditorium in Australia
The Fox Theater in Atlanta has an old-fashioned neon sign.
Kay Theater in Rockdale, Texas
The Berlin Wintergarten theatre was the site of the Skladanowsky brothers's first film presentation from 1 to 31 November 1895
L'Idéal Cinéma at Aniche, France, opened 23 November 1905, closed 1977, demolished in 1995
A small still-active Kino Juha movie theatre in Nurmijärvi, Finland, opened in 1958
Regent Theatre in Hokitika, New Zealand
Cinema Odeon auditorium in Florence
Interior of Hoyts cinemas auditorium in Perth, Australia, with stadium seating with cup holders, acoustic wall hangings and wall-mounted speakers.
Interior of a 1950s-style fine arts movie theater auditorium. A low pitch viewing floor is used.
Tennispalatsi, one of the major Finnkino multiplex movie theatre places, in Helsinki, Finland
A typical raked (sloped) floor for a movie auditorium, which gives all viewers a clear view of the screen.
Example of a Multiplex layout
A drive-in with a 33-metre (108-foot) wide inflatable movie screen in the centre of Brussels
A giant inflatable movie screen used at a temporary outdoor movie theater (open air cinema)
1967 Bedford mobile cinema
A typical multiplex (AMC Promenade 16 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles)
Non-movie-theater screening: movie in a culture club in Germany
35 mm movie projector
Broadcast center
Admission prices board, Cinema Museum (London)
Seating indicator
Box office of a 1950s style fine arts movie theater.
A theatre-goer enjoys a show
Some movie theaters in Finland sell alcohol to take along to the movie itself in select showings. Such showings are always adults-only, regardless of the rating of the movie.
These ratings are from the revised Taiwan motion picture rating system which took effect in October 2015.
Admission ticket for the premier of the movie A Viszkis
A bag of popcorn from the Plaza Theater in Atlanta, Georgia.
Hallway of MPX Grande, a defunct movie theater in Pasaraya Blok M, Jakarta.

The film is projected with a movie projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds, and music are played through a number of wall-mounted speakers.

Stadium seating rows closer to digital cinema screens offer significantly more immersive experiences.

Digital cinema

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Digital cinema refers to adoption of digital technology within the film industry to distribute or project motion pictures as opposed to the historical use of reels of motion picture film, such as 35 mm film.

Digital cinema refers to adoption of digital technology within the film industry to distribute or project motion pictures as opposed to the historical use of reels of motion picture film, such as 35 mm film.

Stadium seating rows closer to digital cinema screens offer significantly more immersive experiences.
Texas Instruments, DLP Cinema Prototype Projector, Mark V, 2000
AMC Theatres former corporate headquarters in Kansas City, prior to their 2013 move to Leawood, Kansas.
Broadcasting antenna in Stuttgart

Digital movies are projected using a digital video projector instead of a film projector, are shot using digital movie cameras and edited using a non-linear editing system (NLE).

Auguste (left) and Louis (right)

Auguste and Louis Lumière

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The Lumière brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière (19 October 1862 – 10 April 1954) and Louis Jean Lumière (5 October 1864 – 6 June 1948), were French manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their Cinématographe motion picture system and the short films they produced between 1895 and 1905, which places them among the earliest filmmakers.

The Lumière brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière (19 October 1862 – 10 April 1954) and Louis Jean Lumière (5 October 1864 – 6 June 1948), were French manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their Cinématographe motion picture system and the short films they produced between 1895 and 1905, which places them among the earliest filmmakers.

Auguste (left) and Louis (right)
Cinématographe Lumière at the Institut Lumière, France
Tomb of the Lumière brothers in the New Guillotière Cemetery in Lyon
Lumière ou Projection privée (2010), by the French painter Arnaud Courlet de Vregille, displayed in l'Eden-Théâtre, the first cinema in the world, in La Ciotat.
Lumières La Sortie de l'Usine Lumière à Lyon 1895
Cinématographe advertising poster with image from L'Arroseur arrosé
Autochrome colour picture by Jean-Baptiste Tournassoud of North-African soldiers, Oise, France, 1917.
Their house in Lyon is now the Institut Lumière museum.

Their screening of a single film on 22 March 1895 for around 200 members of the "Society for the Development of the National Industry" in Paris was probably the first presentation of projected film.

35 mm movie film

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Film gauge used in filmmaking, and the film standard.

Film gauge used in filmmaking, and the film standard.

Eastman (L) giving Edison the first roll of movie film, which was 35 mm
35 mm film diagram
A photo of a 35 mm film print featuring all four audio formats (or "quad track") — from left to right: SDDS, a soundtrack as an image of a digital signal (blue area to the left of the sprocket holes); Dolby Digital sound (grey area between the sprocket holes labelled with the Dolby "Double-D" logo in the middle); analog optical sound, optically recorded as waveforms containing the audio signals for the left and right audio channels (the two white lines to the right of the sprocket holes); and the DTS time code (the dashed line to the far right).
An "over-under" 3D frame. Both left and right eye images are contained within the normal height of a single 2D frame.
Comparison of common 35 mm film formats
A diagram of the VistaVision format, affectionately dubbed "Lazy 8" because it is eight perforations long and runs horizontally (lying down)
35 mm film perforation hole types.
Areas on an Academy-width 35 mm spherical film print:

The ubiquity of 35 mm movie projectors in commercial movie theaters made 35 mm the only motion picture format that could be played in almost any cinema in the world, until digital projection largely superseded it in the 21st century.

A modern 4K digital cinema camera in 2018, Canon EOS C700 MultiDyne

Movie camera

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Type of photographic camera that rapidly takes a sequence of photographs, either on an image sensor or onto film stock, in order to produce a moving image to project onto a movie screen.

Type of photographic camera that rapidly takes a sequence of photographs, either on an image sensor or onto film stock, in order to produce a moving image to project onto a movie screen.

A modern 4K digital cinema camera in 2018, Canon EOS C700 MultiDyne
The chronophotographic gun invented by Étienne-Jules Marey.
Charles Kayser of the Edison lab seated behind the Kinetograph. Portability was not among the camera's virtues.
Film-gun at the Institut Lumière, France
The Aeroscope (1909) was the first hand-held movie camera.
ARRI ARRICAM Studio 35mm film camera
The Red EPIC camera has been used to shoot numerous feature filmsincluding The Amazing Spiderman and The Hobbit.
Basic operation: When the shutter inside the camera is opened, the film is illuminated. When the shutter is completely covering the film gate, the film strip is being moved one frame further by one or two claws which advance the film by engaging and pulling it through the perforations.
A spring-wound Bolex 16 mm camera
Multiple cameras to take surround images (1900 Cinéorama system, for modern version see Circle-Vision 360°
Various German Agfa Movex Standard 8 home movie cameras

The strips of frames are projected through a movie projector at a specific frame rate (number of frames per second) to show a moving picture.

Black-and-white picture of a coloured zoopraxiscope disc, circa 1893 by Eadweard Muybridge and Erwin F. Faber

Zoopraxiscope

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Black-and-white picture of a coloured zoopraxiscope disc, circa 1893 by Eadweard Muybridge and Erwin F. Faber
Black-and-white animation of a colored zoopraxiscope (without distortion, hence the elongated form)

The zoopraxiscope (initially named zoographiscope and zoogyroscope) is an early device for displaying moving images and is considered an important predecessor of the movie projector.

15 kW xenon short-arc lamp used in IMAX projectors

Xenon arc lamp

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Highly specialized type of gas discharge lamp, an electric light that produces light by passing electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure.

Highly specialized type of gas discharge lamp, an electric light that produces light by passing electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure.

15 kW xenon short-arc lamp used in IMAX projectors
An early short arc xenon lamp, the Osram-STUD XBO 1001 of ~1954
An end-view of a 15 kW IMAX lamp showing the liquid-cooling ports
An Osram 100 W xenon/mercury short-arc lamp in reflector
Perspective view of 3 kW lamp showing plastic safety shield used during shipping.
Output profile of a xenon arc lamp.
A xenon arc lamp (Osram XBO 4000W).
A Cermax 2 kW xenon lamp from a video projector. A pair of heatsinks are clamped on the two metal bands around the perimeter, which also double to supply power to the lamp's electrodes.
A 1 kW xenon short-arc lamp power supply with the cover removed.

It produces a bright white light to simulate sunlight, with applications in movie projectors in theaters, in searchlights, and for specialized uses in industry and research.

Projection screen in a movie theater

Projection screen

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Installation consisting of a surface and a support structure used for displaying a projected image for the view of an audience.

Installation consisting of a surface and a support structure used for displaying a projected image for the view of an audience.

Projection screen in a movie theater
Home theater projection screen displaying a high-definition television image
An overhead projector projecting onto a pull-down screen
Inflatable movie screen

Different markets exist for screens targeted for use with digital projectors, movie projectors, overhead projectors and slide projectors, although the basic idea for each of them is very much the same: front projection screens work on diffusely reflecting the light projected on to them, whereas back-projection screens work by diffusely transmitting the light through them.