A report on Taj Mahal and Mughal architecture

The Taj Mahal at Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India is the most famous example of Mughal Architecture and one of India's most recognisable landmarks in general,

Badshahi Mosque, in Lahore, Pakistan was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years, and is the last of the imperial mosques built by the Mughals

The western building, a mosque, faces the tomb.

The Alamgiri Gate at Lahore Fort, Lahore, Pakistan, was named for Aurangzeb, who was sometimes referred to as "Alamgir".

Bibi Ka Maqbara is a tomb in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, which was built by Aurangzeb in the memory of his wife, Dilras Banu Begum

The use of elephant-shaped column brackets at Lahore Fort reflects Hindu influences on Mughal Architecture during the reign of Akbar

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, one of the first European writers about the Taj Mahal

Buland Darwaza, Agra was built by Akbar the Great to commemorate his victory.

The tomb of Shaikh Salim Chisti is considered to be one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture

Begum Shahi Mosque is Lahore's earliest dated Mughal period mosque

The tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the Tāj Mahal.

The Tomb of Jahangir at Lahore does not have a dome as Jahangir forbade construction of a dome over his tomb.

Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque

The Shalimar Gardens, Lahore are among the most famous Mughal gardens.

The mosque's tile work exhibits Timurid influences introduced during Shah Jahan's campaigns in Central Asia.

The central chamber of the Shahi Hammam is decorated with frescoes

Badshahi Masjid, Lahore, Pakistan was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years, and is now the second-largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent.

Lalbagh Fort in Dhaka is an incomplete fort built by Prince Azam Shah

The 18th-century Sunehri Mosque is named for its gilded domes.

The Darwaza-i-Rauza (Great Gate) of the Taj Mahal.

Jali decorative work at the Tomb of Salim Chishti, Fatehpur Sikri.

Lahori Gate of the Red Fort, Delhi, India.

Jahangir's grave at the Tomb of Jahangir, decorated with parchin kari work.

Tomb of Nithar Begum at Khusro Bagh, Allahabad, India.

The shahada in Arabic calligraphy at the Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan.

Akbar's Tomb at Agra, India uses red sandstone and white marble, like many of the Mughal monuments. The Taj Mahal is a notable exception, as it uses only marble.

Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of private audience) at Lahore Fort.

Shah Jahan Mosque in Thatta, Pakistan. The mosque is not built in the Mughal style, but reflects a heavy Persian influence.

One of the Tombs of Ustad-Shagird, Nakodar, India.

Taj Mahal in cloudy weather and its minaret under restoration

It is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture and a symbol of India's rich history.

- Taj Mahal

Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of Shah Jahan, who constructed Taj Mahal, the Jama Masjid, the Shalimar Gardens of Lahore, the Wazir Khan Mosque, and who renovated the Lahore Fort.

- Mughal architecture

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The empire at its greatest extent in c. 1700 under Aurangzeb ((r. 1658 – 1707))

Mughal Empire

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Early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries.

Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri.

Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from Babur to Aurangzeb, with the Mughal ancestor Timur seated in the middle. On the left: Shah Jahan, Akbar and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son, Miran Shah. On the right: Aurangzeb, Jahangir and Humayun, and two of Timur's other offspring Umar Shaykh and Muhammad Sultan. Created c. 1707–12

Coin of Aurangzeb, minted in Kabul, dated 1691/2

Miniature painting - Portrait of an Old Mughal Courtier Wearing Muslin

Muslim Lady Reclining or An Indian Girl with a Hookah, painted in Dacca, 18th century

Ruins of the Great Caravanserai in Dhaka.

Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi, the poet first believed to have coined the name "Urdu" around 1780 AD for a language that went by a multiplicity of names before his time.

Mir Taqi Mir, an Urdu poet of the 18th century Mughal Empire

Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

Buland Darwaza in Fatehpur Sikiri, Agra, India

Lalbagh Fort aerial view in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Illustration by the 17th-century Mughal artist Ustad Mansur

"Alexander Visits the Sage Plato in His Mountain Cave"; illustration by the 16th-century Indian artist Basawan, in a folio from a quintet of the 13th-century Indian poet Amir Khusrau Dihlavi

Folio from Farhang-i-Jahangiri, a Persian dictionary compiled during the Mughal era.

There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite, resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan.

Among the Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Asia are: Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Humayun's Tomb, Lahore Fort, Shalamar Gardens and the Taj Mahal, which is described as "the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."

Shah Jahan

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The fifth emperor of the Mughal Empire, reigning from January 1628 until July 1658.

Shah Jahan, accompanied by his three sons: Dara Shikoh, Shah Shuja and Aurangzeb, and their maternal grandfather Asaf Khan IV

Rosette bearing the names and titles of Shah Jahan

The Taj Mahal, the burial place of Shah Jahan and his wife Mumtaz Mahal

The Submission of Rana Amar Singh of Mewar to Prince Khurram, Tuzk-e-Jahangiri.

Shah Jahan on horseback (during his youth).

Shah Jahan at his Durbar, from the Windsor Padshahnama, c. 1657

Throne of king Shah Jahan, Red Fort, Delhi

Painting of Shah Jahan hunting Asiatic lions at Burhanpur, present-day Madhya Pradesh, from 1630

Shah Jahan and his eldest son Dara Shikoh.

The actual tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the lower level of Taj Mahal

The elegant Naulakha Pavilion at the Lahore Fort was built during the reign of Shah Jahan.

Shah Jahan and the Mughal Army return after attending a congregation in the Jama Masjid, Delhi.

Lahore's Wazir Khan Mosque is considered to be the most ornate Mughal-era mosque.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dani |first=A. H. |date=2003 |chapter=The Architecture of the Mughal Empire (North-Western Regions) |editor-last1=Adle |editor-first1=Chahryar |editor-last2=Habib |editor-first2=Irfan |editor2-link=Irfan Habib |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |volume=V |chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001302/130205e.pdf |publisher=UNESCO |page=524 |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1}}</ref>

Finial, Tamga of the Mughal Empire (combining a crescent and a spear pendant with the word Allah).

Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from Patna.

He commissioned many monuments, including the Red Fort, Shah Jahan Mosque and the Taj Mahal, where his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal is entombed.

He was one of the greatest patrons of Mughal architecture.

Aurangzeb

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The sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire, ruling from July 1658 until his death in 1707.

A painting from c. 1637 shows the brothers (left to right) Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh in their younger years.

The Mughal Army under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures Orchha in October 1635.

A painting from Padshahnama depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened war elephant named Sudhakar.

Sepoys loyal to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb maintain their positions around the palace, at Aurangabad, in 1658.

Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century

Aurangzeb compiled Hanafi law by introducing the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.

Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a Hawk in the Durbar. Standing before him is his son, Azam Shah.

Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. Chester Beatty Library

Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (Badshah Alamgir).

Manuscript of the Quran, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.

The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb, made 1701–1708 by Johann Melchior Dinglinger.

Josiah Child requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the Anglo-Mughal War.

By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as: "emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from Cape Comorin to Kabul".

Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.

The tomb of Akbar was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.

Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the Battle of Satara.

Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar

Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.

Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi is built at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded.

Zafarnama is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.

Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.

Bibi Ka Maqbara, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, was commissioned by him

Aurangzeb's tomb in Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at Khuldabad, Maharashtra.

Tughra and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial firman

In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts, Sambhaji was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707{{snd}}1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50 |access-date=29 September 2012 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA180 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |edition=2nd |page=180 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}</ref>

Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html |title=A Gateway to Sikhism {{!}} Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib |website=Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223831/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/Sikh-Guru-Ji'/Sri-Guru-Tegh-Bhadur-Sahib-Ji.html#12 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sarmad Kashani, a Jewish convert to Islam and Sufi mystic was accused of heresy and executed.<ref name="David Cook 2007">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2007 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7}}</ref>

Seventeenth-century Badshahi Masjid built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.

Tomb of Sufi saint, Syed Abdul Rahim Shah Bukhari constructed by Aurangzeb.

Shawls manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.

François Bernier, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in Travels in the Mughal Empire.

Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.

Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.

Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.

Aurangzeb, in later life, hunting with hounds and falconers

Catherine Asher terms his architectural period as an "Islamization" of Mughal architecture.

Jats also shot off the tops of the minarets on the gateway to Akbar's Tomb and melted down two silver doors from the Taj Mahal.

Chhatri

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Element in Indo-Islamic architecture and Indian architecture.

Chhatri set atop each corner of the Hall of Audience in Fatehpur Sikri palace complex.

Chhatri of Ram Mohan Roy in Arnos Vale Cemetery, Bristol, England

Barah Khamba Chhatri at Jalsen Talab in Hindaun

Chhatri are found particularly within Mughal architecture.

The most notable surviving examples today are to be found at Humayun's Tomb in Delhi and the Taj Mahal in Agra.

Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (built 1320 to 1324) in Multan, Pakistan

Indo-Islamic architecture

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Architecture of the Indian subcontinent produced by and for Islamic patrons and purposes.

The Buland Darwaza gateway to Fatehpur Sikri, built by Akbar in 1601

The Qutb Minar (left, begun c. 1200) next to the Alai Darwaza gatehouse (1311); Qutb Complex in Delhi

Mausoleum of Iltutmish, Delhi, by 1236, with corbel arches

Tomb of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (d. 1325), Delhi

Arches in the main mosque at Gulbarga, 1367

Interior of the hypostyle hall of the Adina Mosque

Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, the first fully developed Mughal imperial tomb, 1569-70

King's Gate at Fatehpur Sikri, near Agra

The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, widely considered the pinnacle of Islamic architecture in the subcontinent.

The Rumi Darwaza in Lucknow, 1784, from the rear, during flooding.

Screen of the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque, Ajmer, c. 1229; Corbel arches, some cusped.

Possibly the first "true" arches in India; Tomb of Balban (d. 1287) in Delhi

Pavilions in the Hauz Khas Complex, Delhi

Tomb of Sikander Lodi in the Lodi Gardens, Delhi

Mahmud Gawan Madrasa (begun construction in the 1460s).

Jama Mosque Gulbarga (b. 1367), pictured in 1880.

"Double" tomb of Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah (d. 1422), in Gulbarga

A row of Bahminid tombs at Ashtur, Bidar

Gol Gumbaz built by the Bijapur Sultanate in Deccani style, the world's 2nd largest pre-modern dome following the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.

Charminar at the Old City in Hyderabad, 1591

Shat Gombuj (Sixty Dome) Mosque in Bagerhat, Bangladesh

Ruined mihrabs and arabesque inside Darasbari Mosque, 15th-century

Terracotta arabesque on the wall of Khania Dighi Mosque, Gauda, 15th-century

Multi-domed Pathrail Mosque, 15th-century

Single-domed Eklakhi Mausoleum, early 15th-century

Corner tower with arabesque on Choto Sona Mosque, late 15th and early 16th centuries

Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad (the upper parts of the minarets at the entrance now lost).

Teen Darwaza (Three-Gate) entrance to Ahmedabad

alt=Sidi Bashir Mosque|Sidi Bashir Mosque, Ahmedabad

Tomb of Zain-ul-Abedin's mother in Srinagar, Kashmir.

Chaqchan Mosque in Khaplu, Gilgit-Baltistan

The use of elephant-shaped column brackets in buildings of the Lahore Fort reflects Hindu influences on Mughal Architecture during the reign of Akbar.

Jama Masjid, Delhi, one of the largest mosques in India.

Bibi Ka Maqbara is a tomb located in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, which was built by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's son Azam Shah in the memory of his mother.

Badshahi mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, late Mughal, built 1673–1674.

Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat presages many of the architectural elements later found in Mughal architecture, including ornate mihrabs and minarets, jali (perforated screens carved in stone), and chattris (pavilions topped with cupolas).

Tombs: Taj Mahal, Akbar's Tomb, Bibi ka Maqbara, Safdarjung Tomb and Humayun's Tomb

Iwan

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Rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open.

The Taj Mahal uses iwans for both entrances and decorative features.

Shrine of Abdussamad Esfahani at Natanz, Iran

Hazrat Ali Mazar, Mazar-I-Sharif, Afghanistan

Iwans of the Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan in Cairo, Egypt (built in 1356–1363)

The courtyard of the Great Mosque of Isfahan, one of the earliest and most prominent uses of the four-iwan plan in mosque architecture, introduced in the early 12th century

alt=|Iwans in the Friday Mosque of Ardestan, Iran, added in 12th century by the Seljuks

alt=|Iwan inside the Hospital of Divriği, Turkey, built in Anatolia under Seljuk domination in the 13th century

Iwan in the Al-Firdaws Madrasa in Aleppo, Syria, built by the Ayyubids in the 13th century

alt=|Qibla-side iwan of the Madrasa of al-Ghuri (early 16th century) in Cairo, Egypt, an example of an iwan with a flat roof in Mamluk architecture

Iwan entrance of the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in Isfahan, Iran, built under the Safavids in the early 17th century

alt=|Çifte Minareli Medrese (13th century) in Erzurum, Turkey, an variation of the four-iwan plan in Anatolian Seljuk architecture

alt=|Interior of the Green Mosque (14th century) in Bursa, Turkey, an example of the modified four-iwan plan in early Ottoman architecture

570–632). This development reached its peak during the Seljuki era, when iwans became a fundamental unit in architecture, and later the Mughal architecture.

Iwans could be placed along the sides of the interior courtyards of buildings, as they were in many madrasas, or on the exterior of buildings, as at the Taj Mahal and other Mughal mausoleums.

Minaret

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Type of tower typically built into or adjacent to mosques.

An orientalist depiction of the muezzin's call to prayer from the balcony of a minaret, 1878. Usually only one muezzin chants the azan from the balcony, back straight and not leaning on the railing.

Minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, one of the oldest surviving minarets in the world

Different types of minaret. 1. Iraq 2. Morocco 3. Turkey 4. India, 5. Egypt 6. Asia.

The Great Mosque of Samarra has a distinctive spiral minaret (848–852)

Minaret of the al-Maridani Mosque (1340), the earliest example of a style repeated in later Mamluk minarets

The Giralda in Seville, a former Almohad minaret (1198) converted to the bell tower of the Seville Cathedral

The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne (1574), which features the four tallest Ottoman minarets

One of the minarets of the Taj Mahal in Agra (1643)

Minaret of the Kutubiyya Mosque in Marrakesh (second half of 12th century)

alt=|Inside the stairway of a minaret in Mostar

alt=|Inside the Giralda minaret in Seville, which has ascending ramps instead of stairs

alt=|An ornate balcony at the Qutb Minar in Delhi

alt=|Example of a lantern structure at the top of a minaret at the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore

alt=|Example of a metal finial in Istanbul

Examples of this style include the monuments of Mughal architecture in the Indian subcontinent, such as the minarets on the roof of the south gate in Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra (1613), the minarets on the Tomb of Jahangir (1628-1638), and the four minarets surrounding the mausoleum of the Taj Mahal.