Nation state
Political unit where the state and nation are congruent.
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City-state
Independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.
With the rise of nation states worldwide, only a few modern sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which qualify; Monaco, Singapore, and Vatican City are most commonly accepted as such.
Nationalism
Idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.
As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people), especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland to create a nation state.
Multiculturalism
The term multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology, political philosophy, and colloquial use.
The term multiculturalism is most often used in reference to Western nation-states, which had seemingly achieved a de facto single national identity during the 18th and/or 19th centuries.
Sovereign state
Political entity represented by one centralized government that has supreme legitimate authority over territory.
Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of nation-state sovereignty based on territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures.
Ethnic nationalism
Form of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, with emphasis on an ethnocentric approach to various political issues related to national affirmation of a particular ethnic group.
Hence, nation-states with strong traditions of ethnic nationalism tend to define nationality or citizenship by jus sanguinis (the law of blood, descent from a person of that nationality), and countries with strong traditions of civic nationalism tend to define nationality or citizenship by jus soli (the law of soil, birth within the nation state).
Dutch Republic
Federal republic which existed from 1588, during the Dutch Revolt, to 1795 (the Batavian Revolution).
It was a predecessor state of the Netherlands and the first fully independent Dutch nation state.
Portugal
Country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.
Portugal is the oldest continuously existing nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.
Federation
[[File:Map of unitary and federal states.svg|thumb|upright=1.7|
Germany is another nation-state that has switched between confederal, federal and unitary rules, since the German Confederation was founded in 1815.
Ethnic group
Ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.
Ethno-national, emphasizing a shared polity or sense of national identity – example: Austrians
Nation
Community of people formed on the basis of a combination of shared features such as language, history, ethnicity, culture and/or territory.
Some nations are equated with ethnic groups (see ethnic nationalism and nation state) and some are equated with an affiliation with a social and political constitution (see civic nationalism and multiculturalism).