A report on National Guard (United States) and State defense force

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Members of the Virginia Defense Force and the Virginia National Guard operate a mobile command post.
1953 postage stamp
A Georgia State Defense Force Volunteer passes a sandbag to a Georgia Army National Guard Soldier during a flood preparation mission.
Seal of the National Guard Bureau, 2013 to present
Cal Guard CPT Foster, an officer in California's SDF, the California State Guard, serving as a Fire Team commander leading State and National Guard firefighters in the 2020 California fire season.
Army National Guard soldiers at New York City's Penn Station in 2004
PO1 John Arnn and GySgt Clayton Cormack are adjusting SCPO Gary Wilson’s equipment, members of the Texas State Guard Maritime Regiment, Dive, Rescue, & Recovery (DR&R) Team.
First muster of the East Regiment (present-day Massachusetts Army National Guard) in Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Spring 1637
SDF Branch Insignia
A National Guardsman in 1917
SDF beret flash used by several states.
Following the 1992 Los Angeles riots, 4,000 National Guardsmen patrolled the city.
The Maryland Defense Force Band playing at a state defense force conference in 2015.
The National Guard Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.
Georgia State Defense Force members help recertify Georgia Army National Guard medics in CPR/AED.
A South Carolina Army National Guard CH-47 Chinook supporting the South Carolina Forestry Commission to contain a remote fire near the top of Pinnacle Mountain in Pickens County, South Carolina, November 17, 2016
South Carolina State Guard members during pack training.
An Army National Guardsman of the 1st Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment in Parun, Afghanistan. Note that he is wearing a 10th Mountain Division Former Wartime Service SSI.
California State Military Reserve troops undergo Base Security Training.
A National Guardsman guarding the World War II Memorial in Washington, D.C. during the George Floyd protests, June 2020.
The Texas State Guard Medical Brigade deployed in Galveston, Texas.
Members of the California State Military Reserve perform squad drills.
A member of the Oregon State Defense Force helps a child try on body armor.
Alaska State Defense Force Lt. Col. (AK) John James speaks with Mongolian emergency personnel.
Puerto Rico State Guard members perform inspections of National Guard facilities.
Maryland Defense Forces and Maryland Army National Guard participate in a multi-agency disaster exercise at Towson University.
Texas State Guardsmen pass out free water after flooding contaminated a local water supply.
Georgia Defense Force members unload water and ice in anticipation of incoming Hurricane Katrina evacuees.
Texas State Guard during a Land Navigation joint training exercise.
Missouri State Defense Force swearing in ceremony.
California State Military Reserve guardsmen provide security for Air Force Two.

State defense forces are distinct from their state's National Guard in that they cannot become federal entities.

- State defense force

Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards, which were reserve forces outside the National Guards being deployed by the Federal Government.

- National Guard (United States)
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The storming of Redoubt No. 10 in the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War prompted Great Britain's government to begin negotiations, resulting in the Treaty of Paris and Great Britain's recognition of the United States as an independent state.

United States Army

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Land service branch of the United States Armed Forces.

Land service branch of the United States Armed Forces.

The storming of Redoubt No. 10 in the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War prompted Great Britain's government to begin negotiations, resulting in the Treaty of Paris and Great Britain's recognition of the United States as an independent state.
General Andrew Jackson standing on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders during the defense of New Orleans, the final major and most one-sided battle of the War of 1812
The Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War
Army soldiers in 1890
U.S. Army troops assaulting a German bunker in France, c. 1918
U.S. soldiers hunting for Japanese infiltrators during the Bougainville Campaign
U.S. Army soldiers observing an atomic bomb test of Operation Buster-Jangle at the Nevada Test Site during the Korean War
US tanks and Soviet tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, 1961
A U.S. Army infantry patrol moving up to assault the last North Vietnamese Army position at Dak To, South Vietnam during Operation Hawthorne
U.S. Army soldiers preparing to take La Comandancia in the El Chorrillo neighborhood of Panama City during Operation Just Cause
M1 Abrams tanks moving out before the Battle of Al Busayyah during the Gulf War
Iraqi tanks destroyed by Task Force 1-41 Infantry during the Gulf War, February 1991
U.S. Army Rangers taking part in a raid during an operation in Nahr-e Saraj, Afghanistan
U.S. Army soldiers with the 2nd Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division returning fire during a firefight with Taliban forces in Barawala Kalay Valley in Kunar province, Afghanistan, March 2011
Organization of the United States Army within the Department of Defense
U.S. Army organization chart
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U.S. Army soldiers of the 1st Battalion, 175th Infantry Regiment, Maryland Army National Guard conducting an urban cordon and search exercise as part of the army readiness and training evaluation program in the mock city of Balad at Fort Dix, New Jersey
U.S. soldiers from the 6th Infantry Regiment taking up positions on a street corner during a foot patrol in Ramadi, Iraq
The 1st Cavalry Division's combat aviation brigade performing a mock charge with the horse detachment
U.S. Army Special Forces soldiers from the 3rd Special Forces Group patrolling a field in the Gulistan district of Farah, Afghanistan
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U.S. Army Rangers practicing fast roping techniques from an MH-47 during an exercise at Fort Bragg
A trainer with Company A, 1st Battalion 502nd Infantry Regiment, Task Force Strike, 101st Airborne Division assisting Iraqi army ranger students during a room clearing drill at Camp Taji, Iraq on 18 July 2016
U.S. Army soldiers familiarizing with the latest INSAS 1B1 during exercise Yudh Abhyas 2015
A Lockheed Martin Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system used for ballistic missile protection
A U.S. soldier on patrol in Iraq with the support of a Humvee vehicle
3rd Infantry Division soldiers manning an M1A1 Abrams in Iraq
The 2020 Army Greens uniform
An element of the 18th Infantry Regiment, wearing ASUs, representing the United States at the 2010 Victory Day commemoration in Moscow
The Ranger Honor Platoon marching in their tan berets and former service uniform

Some states further maintain state defense forces, as a type of reserve to the National Guard, while all states maintain regulations for state militias.

Any or all of the National Guard can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor's wishes.

The U.S. ideal of the citizen soldier, in the militia, depicted by The Concord Minute Man of 1775, a monument created by Daniel Chester French and erected in 1875, in Concord, Massachusetts.

Militia (United States)

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The militia of the United States, as defined by the U.S. Congress, has changed over time.

The militia of the United States, as defined by the U.S. Congress, has changed over time.

The U.S. ideal of the citizen soldier, in the militia, depicted by The Concord Minute Man of 1775, a monument created by Daniel Chester French and erected in 1875, in Concord, Massachusetts.
First Muster, Spring 1637, Massachusetts Bay Colony
Braddock's defeat, 1755
The Battle of Lexington, April 19th, 1775. Blue coated militiamen in the foreground flee from the volley of gunshots from the red coated British Army line in the background with dead and wounded militiamen on the ground.
Kentucky Mounted Militia riflemen at the Battle of the Thames in October 1813, riding into battle as mounted infantry.
1826 North Carolina militia roster of 86 men, standard wage of 46 1⁄2 cents per day. Text reads: "A List of that Part of the Millitia Commanded by Elisha Burk an went after the Runaway Negroes. ... The within is a True Return of that part of the Millitia Commanded by Elisha Burk While out after the Runaway Negroes: Given under my hand this 15th day of August 1826". (signed) Elisha Burk Captain.
New York state militia, Civil War Company "E", 22nd N.Y. State Militia, near Harpers Ferry.
Militia at Ludlow, 1914

Organized militia – consisting of State Defense Forces, the National Guard and Naval Militia.

Rep. James Hay of Virginia, Chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs.

National Defense Act of 1916

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United States federal law that updated the Militia Act of 1903, which related to the organization of the military, particularly the National Guard.

United States federal law that updated the Militia Act of 1903, which related to the organization of the military, particularly the National Guard.

Rep. James Hay of Virginia, Chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs.
Rep. Julius Kahn of California
William Oxley Thompson, Ohio State University President, ROTC advocate.
William Abram Mann, first head of the expanded and reorganized Militia Bureau.
Samuel Pierpont Langley, namesake of Langley Field.

The 1916 act included an expansion of the Army and the National Guard, the creation of an Officers' and an Enlisted Reserve Corps, and the creation of a Reserve Officers' Training Corps.

In 1940, Section 61 of the National Defense Act of 1916 was modified to reauthorize the establishment of state defense forces that had been permitted prior to 1916.

Ethnic minority governors

Governor (United States)

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In the United States, a governor serves as the chief executive and commander-in-chief in each of the fifty states and in the five permanently inhabited territories, functioning as head of government therein.

In the United States, a governor serves as the chief executive and commander-in-chief in each of the fifty states and in the five permanently inhabited territories, functioning as head of government therein.

Ethnic minority governors
Party affiliation of current United States Governors: Democratic New Progressive/Democratic Republican

The governor may also have additional roles, such as that of commander-in-chief of the state's National Guard (when not federalized) and of that state's respective defense force (which is not subject to federalization).

Puerto Rico

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Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States.

Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States.

A 20th-century reconstruction of an 8th-century Taíno village, located at the spot where their ballpark and remains were discovered in 1975, in the aftermath of Hurricane Eloise.
Artist's depiction of Juan Ponce de León, Puerto Rico's first governor
Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan, Puerto Rico
Sugar haciendas, like the one portrayed above, ran a significant portion of the Puerto Rican economy in the late 19th century
The 16th-century Spanish colonial-era fort, Castillo San Felipe del Morro (background), in San Juan
The flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the "Intentona de Yauco" revolt
The Lares revolutionary flag of 1868, also known as the "First Puerto Rican Flag" in Puerto Rico
Monument commemorating the 1873 abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico, located in Ponce
Artistic rendering of the 1898 Bombardment of San Juan by American forces during the Spanish–American War
The first company of Puerto Ricans enlisted in the U.S. Army, within a year of the U.S. invasion
The first Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, appointed pursuant to the Foraker Act
Soldiers of the 65th Infantry training at Camp Santiago, Salinas, Puerto Rico (August 1941)
Painting of a bayonet charge by the U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment, made up of Puerto Rican troops, against a Chinese division during the Korean War
Chart demonstrating how the economy of Puerto Rico shifted from agriculture to manufacturing by showing how the salaried employees during Operation Bootstrap significantly increased manufacturing jobs (green line) while decreasing agricultural jobs (blue line).
Beach and coastline at Patillas, in southeast Puerto Rico
NOAA Bathymetry Image of Puerto Rico (2020)
Enlargeable, detailed map of Puerto Rico
Köppen climate types in Puerto Rico indicating that the island primarily has rainforest and monsoon climate types.
Common Coquí
Population density, Census 2000
Sunday mass, Stella Maris Parish, San Juan, Puerto Rico
The difference between the incumbent party, the PPD, and its opponent, the PNP, was a mere 0.6% in the last election. This difference is common as the political landscape experiences political cycles between both parties, with the PPD ruling all branches of government for 36 of the past 64 years. The PNP, on the other hand, has ruled both the executive and legislative branch concurrently for 16 years. The other 12 years experienced a divided government.
The Capitol of Puerto Rico, home of the Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico
U.S. military installations and other federal lands in Puerto Rico (including the United States Virgin Islands) throughout the 20th century
ballistic missile submarine USS Maryland, Roosevelt Roads Naval Station, 1997
A map of Puerto Rico showing its 78 municipalities; the islands of Vieques and Culebra have their own municipal governments
Real GDP per capita development of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico's gross domestic product (GDP) by economic sector
The 2012 Budget of the government of Puerto Rico
A map of the Jones Act merchant marine shipping routes for Puerto Rico
Flying into San Juan
Street-lined homes in Old San Juan
Eugenio María de Hostos
Cuchifritos (Carnitas) in New York
Plantain "arañitas" and "tostones rellenos"
San Juan 450th 1971 issue, depicting one of the [[:File:Lookout Station.JPG|garitas]] of El Morro
Puerto Rico Islanders fans at a soccer game
Puerto Rico interstate highways
The Tren Urbano system at Bayamón Station

The Insular Police, similar to the National Guard, opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike.

Puerto Rico has its own National Guard, and its own state defense force, the Puerto Rico State Guard, which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard.

The Michigan Naval Militia standing at attention (at present arms).

Naval militia

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Reserve military organization administered under the authority of a state government in the United States.

Reserve military organization administered under the authority of a state government in the United States.

The Michigan Naval Militia standing at attention (at present arms).
New York Naval Militia members respond to Hurricane Sandy.
An officer with the New York Naval Militia prepares his vessel for transport.
Florida Naval Militia sailors from Sarasota, Florida pose for a photo.
Naval militiamen boarding {{USS|Alabama|BB-8|6}} circa 1910.
Members of the naval militia respond to a roll-call in 1913.
Naval militiamen in the early twentieth century.
Exercises at a Naval Militia Camp in Somersville, New York.
A naval militia bugler in 1917, deploying during World War I.
Naval Militia guarding a bridge during World War I.
New York Naval Militia Major General Robert Wolf (right), is congratulated by Major General Joseph Taluto (left).
Members of the New York National Guard take the helm of a New York State Naval Militia patrol boat.
A New York Naval Militia officer works alongside a United States Border Patrol agent.
Members of the New York National Guard join members of the New York State Naval Militia, the Port Authority Police Department and the Coast Guard Reserve.
Boatswain Mate 2 Robert Quinones of the New York State Naval Militia prepares for a joint random anti-terrorism measures program patrol.
The New York State Naval Militia's Patrol Boat 400 is docked on the Hudson River prior to a random anti-terrorism measures program patrol.

Under Title 10 of the United States Code, naval militias are treated differently from maritime state defense force units not primarily composed of reservists from the sea services.

Like members of the National Guard, the Navy and Marine Reservists who constitute most of the membership in naval militias serve in a dual federal and state capacity; they operate as a component of their state's military force, and are subject to be called up and deployed by the governor of their respective states during emergencies.

Perpich v. Department of Defense

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Perpich v. Department of Defense, 496 U.S. 334 (1990), was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court concerning the Militia Clauses of Article I, Section 8, of the United States Constitution, in which the court held that Congress may authorize members of the National Guard to be ordered to active federal duty for purposes of training outside the United States without either the consent of the governor of the affected state or the declaration of a national emergency.

State defense force