A report on Nitrogen fixation

Schematic representation of the nitrogen cycle. Abiotic nitrogen fixation has been omitted.
Nodules are visible on this broad bean root
A sectioned alder tree root nodule
Equipment for a study of nitrogen fixation by alpha rays (Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, 1926)
Lightning heats the air around it breaking the bonds of starting the formation of nitrous acid.

Chemical process by which molecular nitrogen, with a strong triple covalent bond, in the air is converted into ammonia or related nitrogenous compounds, typically in soil or aquatic systems but also in industry.

- Nitrogen fixation
Schematic representation of the nitrogen cycle. Abiotic nitrogen fixation has been omitted.

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Myrica

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Genus of about 35–50 species of small trees and shrubs in the family Myricaceae, order Fagales.

Genus of about 35–50 species of small trees and shrubs in the family Myricaceae, order Fagales.

Myrica faya fruit

The roots have nitrogen-fixing bacteria which enable the plants to grow on soils that are very poor in nitrogen content.

Cycad

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Cycads are seed plants that typically have a stout and woody (ligneous) trunk with a crown of large, hard, stiff, evergreen and (usually) pinnate leaves.

Cycads are seed plants that typically have a stout and woody (ligneous) trunk with a crown of large, hard, stiff, evergreen and (usually) pinnate leaves.

Cycads have a rosette of pinnate leaves around a cylindrical trunk
Bowenia spectabilis : plant with single frond in the Daintree rainforest, north-east Queensland
Leaves and strobilus of Encephalartos sclavoi
Petrified cycad fossil, New York Botanical Garden

Cycads have been reported to fix nitrogen in association with various cyanobacteria living in the roots (the "coralloid" roots).

Alder

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Alders are trees comprising the genus Alnus in the birch family Betulaceae.

Alders are trees comprising the genus Alnus in the birch family Betulaceae.

Alder trees by the Beaulieu River at Longwater Lawn, Hampshire, England
Pollen
Speckled alder (Alnus incana subsp. rugosa)—leaves
Leaves of the tag alder
Green alder (Alnus viridis)
A red alder seed is a tiny samara like those of all alders
Alder coat of arms of Grossarl, Austria
alt=An alder root nodule|Whole root nodule
alt=A sectioned alder root nodule|Sectioned root nodules

Alder leaves and especially the roots are important to the ecosystem because they enrich the soil with nitrogen and other nutrients.

Azoarcus

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Azoarcus is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Azolla

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Genus of seven species of aquatic ferns in the family Salviniaceae.

Genus of seven species of aquatic ferns in the family Salviniaceae.

Azolla taken from the Philippines
Drawing of Azolla filiculoides, about 5 mm. Upper green leaves perform photosynthesis, lower lack chlorophyll.
Azolla covering the Canning River, Western Australia
Azolla on the Canning River, Western Australia
SEM image of Azolla surface
Scanning electron micrograph of a megaspore of the genus Azolla with adhering massulae from postal sediments of Laguna El Junco, Galápagos Island of San Cristóbal
Transmission electron micrograph of a megaspore of the genus Azolla from postglacial sediments of Laguna El Junco, Galápagos Island of San Cristobal

They form a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen.

Herbaspirillum seropedicae

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Herbaspirillum seropedicae is a betaproteobacteria which is an endophytic diazotroph and forms nitrogen-fixing associations with maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), bananas (Musa) and pineapple (Ananas comosus).

Saccharum officinarum

Sugarcane

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Species of tall, perennial grass (in the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production.

Species of tall, perennial grass (in the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production.

Saccharum officinarum
Sugarcane fields in BSRI
Sugar cane farm in Punjab, India
Sugarcane flower, Dominica
Sugarcane
Cut sugarcane
Map showing centers of origin of Saccharum officinarum in New Guinea, S. sinensis in southern China and Taiwan, and S. barberi in India; dotted arrows represent Austronesian introductions
The westward diffusion of sugarcane in pre-Islamic times (shown in red), in the medieval Muslim world (green), and in the 15th century by the Portuguese on the Madeira archipelago, and by the Spanish on the Canary Islands archipelago (islands west of Africa, circled by violet lines)
Lithograph of a s sugar plantation in the British colony of Antigua, 1823
A sugar plantation on the island of Jamaica in the late 19th century
Old-fashioned Indian sugarcane press, circa 1905
A 19th-century lithograph by Theodore Bray showing a sugarcane plantation: On the right is the "white officer", the European overseer. Slave workers toil during the harvest. To the left is a flat-bottomed vessel for cane transportation.
Sugarcane plantation, Mauritius
Sugarcane plantation in Bangladesh
Planting Sugar Cane in Puerto Rico
Sugarcane fields
Manually extracting juice from sugarcane
A truck hauls cane to a sugar mill in Florida.
Santa Elisa sugarcane processing plant in Sertãozinho, one of the largest and oldest in Brazil
Production of sugar cane (2019)
A fuel pump in Brazil, offering cane ethanol (A) and gasoline (G)
Sugarcane bagasse
Sugarcane fields in Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI)
Sugarcane fields in BSRI
Sugarcane fields in BSRI
Sugarcane vendor in Dhaka
Sugarcane stalks
Sugarcane flowering
Sugarcane plantation
Leaves of sugarcane
Sugarcane plantation
Sugarcane of China
Sugarcane
Flowers of sugarcane
Sugarcane harvested by women, Hòa Bình Province, Vietnam
alt=Outdoor photo of series of rectangular metal trays divided by short internal metal sheets|Evaporator with baffled pan and foam dipper for making ribbon cane syrup
Sugarcane and bowl of refined sugar
Caipirinha, a cocktail made from sugarcane-derived cachaça
Sugarcane processing
Hausa man selling sugarcane at Kaduna in Nigeria

Some sugarcane varieties are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in association with the bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus.

Rooibos

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Broom-like member of the plant family Fabaceae that grows in South Africa's fynbos.

Broom-like member of the plant family Fabaceae that grows in South Africa's fynbos.

Flowers
Plant
Green rooibos tea
Rooibos tea in a glass
Rooibos tea with milk
A rooibos-infused liqueur and rooibos tea
A. linearis response to fire. Plants native to the Fynbos eco-region, like rooibos, are fire dependent, however rooibos varieties exhibit two different adaptions to fire.

Like most legumes, there is a symbiotic relationship between rhizoids and the underground lignotuber structure that promotes nitrogen fixation and growth.

Rosids

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The rosids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms.

The rosids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms.

The nitrogen-fixing clade contains a high number of actinorhizal plants (which have root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria, helping the plant grow in poor soils).

A portrait of Nikodem Caro

Nikodem Caro

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Industrial chemist and entrepreneur.

Industrial chemist and entrepreneur.

A portrait of Nikodem Caro

Caro became an important figure in the nitrogen fixation industry and a rival of Fritz Haber.